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PSYC 140 MODULE 1 EXAM PRACTICE
QUESTIONS 2026
◉ cross-sectional study. Answer: comparing different age groups at the same time ◉ naturalistic observation. Answer: research method in which one observes a subject outside of a research setting ◉ case study. Answer: research method involving a direct observation of a patient; interviewing in great detail ◉ study/interview. Answer: research method in which surveys administered anonymously or asked in and interview format in- person ◉ correlational research. Answer: research method of seeing how two variables relate; looking at strength and direction of relationship ◉ experiments. Answer: research method in which you tightly control the variables, setting, and participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
◉ Hawthorne effect. Answer: A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied ◉ What are the five research methods discussed in this module?. Answer: - naturalistic observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments ◉ three types of prenatal diagnostic tests. Answer: ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling (CVA) ◉ ultrasound. Answer: prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to create an image of the baby ◉ amniocentesis. Answer: Prenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities ◉ chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Answer: Prenatal diagnostic technique in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems ◉ fetal period. Answer: month 2- 9 major growth and development ◉ teratogens. Answer: agents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth defect ◉ which three variables determine a teratogen's effect?. Answer: - gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility ◉ When does organogenesis begin?. Answer: Around week 3 through week 8 ◉ why is stress a teratogen?. Answer: stress causes blood to be directed away from fetus and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and increase fetal HR ◉ why is cognitive development more susceptible?. Answer: brain develops all throughout pregnancy
◉ what are the three phases of childbirth?. Answer: - early & active labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta ◉ early labor and active labor. Answer: - longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30 - 45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45 - 60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture ◉ delivery of baby. Answer: - begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs ◉ delivery of placenta. Answer: - 5 - 10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall ◉ three drugs used in childbirth. Answer: analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
◉ pros and cons of surveys. Answer: pro: a lot of info, large sample, easy con: self-reporting ◉ pros and cons of correlational study. Answer: pro: investigate relationships con: correlation does not equal causation ◉ pros and cons of experiment. Answer: pro: can determine causation con: Hawthorne effect ◉ what information can you get from an US?. Answer: position, gender, age, brain defects ◉ pros and cons of ultrasound. Answer: pro: noninvasive con: imaging only, 5 or more associated with lower birth weight
◉ pros and cons of amniocentesis. Answer: pro: can test for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities con: more invasive, risk of miscarriage ◉ age at which amniocentesis is performed. Answer: week 15- 20 ◉ pros and cons of chorionic villus sampling. Answer: pro: testing genetic abnormalities con: risk of miscarriage and limb deformity ◉ at what age is CVS performed. Answer: week 10- 12 ◉ grows up to 3 in. Answer: 1st trimester ◉ grows up to 14 in. Answer: 2nd trimester ◉ grows up to 19 in. Answer: 3rd trimester ◉ weights about 1 oz by end. Answer: 1st trimester
◉ Usually assumes upside-down position. Answer: 3rd trimester ◉ When does the brain form by. Answer: 8 weeks ◉ Can suck thumb, has strong grip. Answer: 2nd trimester ◉ Bones in skull are soft and pliable. Answer: 3rd trimester ◉ Can smile, frown, suck, swallow. Answer: 1st trimester ◉ Has nails, hair, eyelashes, eyebrows. Answer: 2nd trimester ◉ body fat is continually being added. Answer: 3rd trimester ◉ when can the baby move and respond to touch. Answer: by 8 weeks ◉ Can roll over; mother can feel movement. Answer: 2nd trimester ◉ Mother feels less movement at the end. Answer: 3rd trimester
◉ when can you tell the gender?. Answer: 12 weeks ◉ Can feel pain. Answer: 2nd trimester ◉ Very responsive to stimulation such as touch, sound, light. Answer: 3rd trimester ◉ rooting reflex. Answer: a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple ◉ Moro reflex. Answer: Reflex in which a newborn stretches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment ◉ Palmer grasping reflex. Answer: Reflex in which when something touches infants' palms, they grip it tightly ◉ stepping reflex. Answer: Reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface ◉ how many hours a day do newborns sleep?. Answer: 16-18 hours a day
◉ why does shushing help?. Answer: shushing serves as white noise; babies prefer vocal noises ◉ why does swinging help?. Answer: the motion may be similar to what babies experienced in utero ◉ how large can a baby be by the end of infancy?. Answer: Up to 30 lbs, 32-35 inches tall ◉ when does baby fat peak. Answer: 9 months; decreases with mobility ◉ cephalocaudal trend. Answer: during the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body
- period of rapid CNS development
- head disproportionately large ◉ overproduction. Answer: babies are born with all neurons and make a lot of synapses early on, most are unneeded and are later pruned ◉ critical period. Answer: an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
◉ proximodistal trend. Answer: growth proceeds literally from "near to far" - from the center of the body outward, ex. trunk muscles first, finger muscles later ◉ sensorimotor stage. Answer: in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities ◉ schema. Answer: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information, helps you make sense of an experience ◉ assimilation. Answer: interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas ◉ accomodation. Answer: adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information ◉ what are the two ways in which schemas change?. Answer: - assimilation
- accommodation ◉ what are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage?. Answer: 1. simple reflexes
◉ tertiary circular reactions. Answer: (5) infant experiments and tries new things, using one object to interact with another object (ex. drumming). Doing things continuously to see how things work ◉ internalization of schemes. Answer: (6) infant can think about object w/o seeing it, uses symbols/internal representation. OBJECT PERMANENCE; marks end of sensorimotor ◉ how do you know if a baby does NOT have object permanence. Answer: they will not look for objects if you hide them ◉ object permanence. Answer: the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived ◉ what is the primary socioemotional task of infancy?. Answer: developing a close bond with caretaker ◉ what are the three temperaments?. Answer: easy, difficult, slow to warm up ◉ easy temperament. Answer: - easily establishes routines (eating, sleeping)
- adaptable to change in schedule
- adaptable to new experiences
- fairly happy ◉ difficult temperament. Answer: - difficult to put on regular schedule
- unpredictable in mood
- negative reactions to new people/situations
- cries frequently & extensively ◉ slow-to-warm temperament. Answer: - inactive overall
- can appear difficult in novel situations
- can slowly warm up and improve in mood
- doesn't have consistently good moods ◉ attachment. Answer: an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation ◉ John Bowlby. Answer: Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver. Crucial to develop close bond w/in first year
◉ resistant/ambivalent attachment. Answer: - insensitive caretaker
- negative self image, exaggerate for attention ◉ avoidant attachment. Answer: - inconsistent caretaker
- believes communication of needs makes no difference, unworthy ◉ disorganized attachment. Answer: - abusive caretaker
- mix of avoidant and resistant
- nervous/confused around caregiver ◉ secure attachment behaviors. Answer: - distressed when mother leaves
- avoidant of stranger when alone
- positive reaction upon reunion
- uses mom as safe base to explore ◉ resistant/ambivalent attachment behaviors. Answer: - intense distress when mother leaves
- fearful of stranger
- approaches upon reunion but resists contact
- cries more and explores less than other
- may go back and forth between wanting/not wanting mom ◉ avoidant attachment behaviors. Answer: - not distressed when mom leaves
- fine with stranger
- little interest upon reunion
- mom and stranger can comfort child equally ◉ describe the relationship between temperament and attachment. Answer: - temperament can evoke certain responses
- temperament can affect infant's behavior naturally; ex. how independent are they ◉ what percentage of children have easy temperament?. Answer: 40% ◉ what percentage of children have difficult temperament?. Answer: 10% ◉ what percentage of children have slow-to-warm temperament?. Answer: 15% ◉ what percentage of attachments are secure?. Answer: 60%
