Download WGU Pathophysiology D236.docx... and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
WGU Pathophysiology D
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - correct answer T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies. Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - correct answer Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - correct answer Alterations of DNA Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. - correct answer (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias. Explain RAAS - correct answer Renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system
- Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin > produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained. DKA - correct answer increased anion gap, decreased HCO How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - correct answer retain H and excrete HCO Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - correct answer Potassium
West Nile Virus - correct answer Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck Lyme disease - correct answer Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Erythema infectiosum - correct answer a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease" Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with _____. - correct answer Spina bifida Trousseau's sign - correct answer arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia Cause and sign of spina bifida - correct answer results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back. hemophilia is more common in - correct answer males Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - correct answer ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - correct answer Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia Describe Lupus - correct answer Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash Describe Myasthenia Gravis - correct answer It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes
Rickets - correct answer a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones Degenerative disk disease - correct answer A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging Paget disease - correct answer Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull communiuted fracture - correct answer splintered into many pieces Three types of skin cancer - correct answer 1. Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma basal cell carcinoma - correct answer Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure squamous cell carcinoma - correct answer Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules. Melanoma - correct answer The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - correct answer impaired immunity
types of burns - correct answer Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain Viltigo - correct answer localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - correct answer ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood subdural hematoma - correct answer collection of blood under the dura mater Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - correct answer Alz - affects language and memory Park - affects all executive functioning Huntington's disease - correct answer Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement Sclerosis - correct answer abnormal condition of hardening disorders that cause vision loss - correct answer glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision kyphosis - correct answer excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
Artherosclerosis - correct answer Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques 1.endothelial injury 2.foam cell formation 3.fatty streak formation angina pectoris - correct answer chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle myocardial infarction - correct answer the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack) endocaritis - correct answer inflammation of the inner lining of the heart peridcarditis - correct answer inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart) benign vs malignant hypertension - correct answer benign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention. malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release communicable disease - correct answer A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another. infectious disease - correct answer A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another. myocardial infarction causes damage to - correct answer arteries of : brain, retina, heart, kidneys.
what is expected in right sided heart falure - correct answer JVD what characterizes hypertensive crisis - correct answer systolic BP > 180 types of anemia - correct answer - Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs) Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? - correct answer bone marrow CD4 cells - correct answer Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to create immunity Hodgkin's lymphoma - correct answer distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells Lymphocytosis - correct answer abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic Stable angina - correct answer predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin Upper respiratory tract infection - correct answer common cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
renal calculi (kidney stones) - correct answer -Minerals in urine crystallize -Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter renal cell carcinoma - correct answer cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump end-stage renal disease (ESRD) - correct answer any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in urination, chest pain, HTN, AMS Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) - correct answer method used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24 hrs/ day > slower shift in electrolytes ulcerative colitis - correct answer chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases Diverticulitis - correct answer inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy. organ targeted by virus that causes hep c - correct answer liver Hepatisis A,B,C,D,E spreads - correct answer A and E - fecal/oral BCD - blood, bodily fluids Cholecystitis - correct answer inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back)
GERD cause - correct answer failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to close pancreatitis - correct answer inflammation of the pancreas, can be cause by gallstone blocks common bile duct Chron's disease - correct answer A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract, chronic symptoms: diarrhea, sores, fistula, weight loss Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - correct answer rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure Colon cancer symptoms/signs? - correct answer 1. Right sided - iron deficiency anemia
- Left sided - obstruction
- "Apple core" lesion on barium enema
- Pencil thin stools
- Hematochezia (bright red blood)
- Colicky pain
- Partial obstruction risk factors for renal cancer - correct answer smoking, overweight, HTN risk factors for bladder cancer - correct answer Smoking**, occupational exposure to dyes (benzenes, aromatic amines), Hx of gross hematuria, >40 y/o, hx of urologic disorder, Hx of irritative voiding symptoms, Hx of UTI, analgesic abuse, history of pelvic irradiation GFR (glomerular filtration rate) - correct answer used to stage chronic renal disease
acromegaly - correct answer abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone by pituitary gland Cushing's disease - correct answer (Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP)
- HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia Gonorrhea - correct answer A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by a gonococcus bacterium that causes inflammation of the genital mucous membrane, PID, burning pain when urinating, and a discharge polycystic ovary syndrome - correct answer a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles; elevated levels of androgens; s/s: infertility, irregular periods, hirsutism, insulin restistance which STIs can be passed via birth canal - correct answer gonorrhea, chlamydia endometriosis - correct answer a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity Triple negative breast cancer - correct answer patients lack estrogen and progesterone receptors, do not respond to hormone therapy (only chemo) Antiandrogen therapy - correct answer (Spironolactone or flutamide) causes lack of testosterone > erectyle dysfunction or decreased bone density or hotflashes Cullen's sign - correct answer ecchymosis in umbilical area, seen with pancreatitis
anemia can cause - correct answer pelvic pain, menorrhagia, constipation, uterine leiomyomas epididymitis - correct answer inflammation of the epididymis that is frequently caused by the spread of infection from the urethra or the bladder or by chlamadia Chlamydia - correct answer A bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females; male symptoms include penile discharge, uncomfortable walking Cryotherapy - correct answer using cold for therapeutic purposes, used for prostate therapy Explain Starling's Law of Capillary Forces and how it causes edema. - correct answer Starling's hypothesis states that the fluid movement due to filtration across the wall of a capillary is dependent on the balance between the hydrostatic pressure gradient and the pressure gradient across the capillary. This causes edema by the retention of water in the tissues instead of vascular system. Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood? - correct answer glucose is used for energy and is not synthesized by the brain, so it is needed to maintain brain/motor functions Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - correct answer Type 1- The body's immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin (typically in kids/ teens) Type 2- "insulin resistance" - when cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin. Differentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity - correct answer Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is general and non-specific, which means it does not differentiate between types of pathogens. Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated.
How does compartment syndrome develop? Which part of our body tends to develop compartment syndrome? How do patients typically recognize they may need to seek medical assistance for rhabdomyolysis? What is the most sensitive laboratory test for rhabdomyolosis? - correct answer Compartment syndrome occurs when blood flow is restricted to area for an extended period of time. It usually develops in extremities. Patients recognize rhabdo by new muscle pain and decreased urinary output, and is detected by creatine kinase in the blood. What is a pulmonary embolism? What is a fat embolism? When might a patient develop a pulmonary embolism? When might a patient develop a fat embolism? How are they treated? - correct answer Pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot is lodge in a pulmonary artery, usually caused by a traveling clot getting lodged. A fat embolism is when a clot of fat cells disrupts blood flow, usually after a bone fracture. PEs are treated with anticoagulants to thin the blood, while there is no specific treatment for FEs. Describe Albinism. What portions of the body are negatively affected by Albinism? - correct answer It is an alteration in a gene that has decreased pigment to skin, hair, and eyes. Describe how retinal detachment leads to vision loss. - correct answer The areas where the retina detaches lose their blood supply and stop working, causing you to lose vision. Name two biomarkers that can be used to confirm a myocardial infarction occurred and what types of molecules are they? - correct answer troponin, creatine kinase What is lymph - correct answer fluid that flows in lymphatic system to return fluid from tissues into circulation What are lymph nodes? - correct answer Filter interstitial fluid. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection What are Peyer's patches? - correct answer the numerous areas of lymphoid tissue in the wall of the small intestine that are involved in the development of immunity to antigens present there.
What is the difference between Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma? - correct answer If the Reed-Sternberg cell is not present, the lymphoma is classified as non-Hodgkin's. Emphysema (COPD) - correct answer Overdistention of alveoli resulting in the ability to remove CO2 is called COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) - correct answer disease with enlarged lung spaces, usually from smoking can cause shortness of breath What are the three types of jaundice that may present as a result of liver dysfunction? Describe the cause of each. - correct answer pre-hepatic: excessive breakdown of RBCs. hepatic: loss of ability of liver to regular billirubin. post-hepatic: due to blockage or obstruction Describe the function(s) of the following parts of a nephron: glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, juxtaglomerular apparatus, proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct. - correct answer glomerulus filters blood. Bowman's capsule filters blood from glomerulus capillaries. juxtaglomerular apparatus helps maintain proper flow and blood pressure. proximal tubule reabsorbs filtrate. Loop of Henle reabsorbs salt and water from urine. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct both reabsorb ions and water and promote homeostasis. endocarditis vs pericarditis - correct answer endo- inflammation inside heart causing valves to not fully close - usually due to infection
- treatment: abx, valve repair; peri- inflammation outside of heart causes heart to be compressed and not fully pump - from too much fluid / blood surrounding heart from trauma or heart attack - treatment: NSAIDs + steroids, pericardiocentesis. both have same signs/symptoms: low oxygen and chest pain Hypervalemia - correct answer fluid volume excess
