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Cohesion in English The various kinds of cohesion had been out lined by MAK Halliday in his writings on stylistics and the concept was developed by Rugayia Hasan in her University of Edinburgh doctoral thesis. Cohesive relations are relations between two or more elements in a text that are independent of the structure: for example between a personal pronoun and an antecedent proper name, such as John ....he. A semantic relation of this kind may be set up either within a sentence with the consequence that when 1t crosses a sentence boundary it has the effect of making the two sentences cohere with one another. The major function of cohesion is text formation. As defined: text is a unified whole of linguistic items, this unity of text as a semantic whole is source for the concept of cohesion. So first we will explore the concept of text. Text Text in linguistics refers to any passage spoken written of whatever length that forms a unified whole. A reader can easily identify whether the passage he 1s reading is a text or otherwise a collection of unrelated sentences. A text may be: spoken, written, prose, verse, dialogue, monologue, single proverb, a single cry for help or all day discussion on a committee. Á text 1s a unit of language in use. A grammatical unit that is larger than a sentence. A text is not something that 1s like a sentence only bigger or larger. It 1s misleading. Rather text can be best defined as a semantic unit; a unit not of form but of meaning. If 1t is semantic unit, we will not expect to find 1t 1n structure of a sentence as a grammatical unit as phrase, clause etc. So text 1s not consist of sentence but 1t is realized by sentence or encoded in sentences. There are certain objective factors involved that constitute a text. Constituents of Text 1. Texture: 2. Ties: 3. Cohesion 1. Texture: Texture is that feature of text which made 1t a unified whole. According to “The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics by P.H. Mathews” cohesion and coherence are sources which create texture. Crystal adds “informativeness” to cohesion and coherence. Example: Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. Here them reference back to six cooking apples to create cohesion between the two sentences. Here we make a presupposition about the relationship between them and six_cookimg apples but it is not enough only to make a presupposition rather that presupposition must be satisfied to create texture as shown in the example . These two items are co referential and this coreferentiality creates texture. Here are five cohesive devices to createtexture: (1) Reference (1) Substitution (1) Ellipses (iv) Conjunction (v) Lexical Cohesion 2. Ties The term refers to a single instance of cohesion. Example: 
