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Define determinatives. “The determiner function particularises the noun referent in different ways”. The determiner function is realised by determinatives. The various types of determinatives are classified by Downing and Locke (20151 : 382) as those elements that “identify a nominal group referent by telling us which or what or whose it is, how much, how many, what part or degree of it we are referring to, how big or frequent it is, how it is distributed in space or time.” Define pronouns. Pronouns like nouns refer to people, animals, things and places. However, whilst nouns refer directly to entities in the world (exophoric reference), pronouns tend to refer to entities denoted by nouns in a text (endophoric or textual reference) (Halliday and Hasan, 1989: 31ff.; McCarthy, 1991: 35ff.). Pronouns are members of closed word classes which commonly stand for nouns. Thus, some grammarians view them as a subclass of nouns (e.g. Greenbaum, 1991: 84; Huddleston, 1993: 272; 1995: 102; Huddleston and Pullum, 2005: 100). Pronouns tend to signal textual anaphoric reference (i.e. they refer to a previous part of discourse), and function most prominently as heads of NPs, e.g. That’s what I mean. Although sometimes they can also be cataphoric (i.e. they refer to a word that comes later in the text): When she parked the car, Sonia realised she’d left her keys at home. Unlike nouns, pronouns are not normally accompanied by determiners, modifiers and qualifiers (Leech and Svartvik, 2000: 371). Q10. Identify the pronoun and its post-modifier in the sentence: e.g. Who in the world would think that? Pronoun: Who Post-modifier: That What is the difference between all and each? All is a determiner, predeterminer, pronoun and means every one (of), or the complete amount or number (of), or the whole (of). Each is a pronoun, determiner and means every thing, person, etc. in a group of two or more, considered separately. Give examples of pronouns that can be: a) pre-modified by adjectives; b) post-modified by relative clauses. Give two examples of numerals functioning as pronouns or determinatives. The second of us won the prize. The last of many arrived late. Is “this” an example of cataphoric or anaphoric reference in the sentence: Hilda was making a Dutch Delft cake at the oven. This was her specialty and she made it on every occasion? “This” is an example of anaphoric reference because is referring to a previous part of the discourse.
Why do semi-determinatives cannot be considered adjectives, according to Downing & Locke? This class of determiners includes such, certain, former, latter, same, (an)other, last, next, subsequent, own. In some grammars, they are classified as adjectives. However, as argued by Downing and Locke (2015:388), they neither describe nor specify their referent, that is why it is more adequate to classify them as examples of determinatives. Explain and give examples of central, pre-determinatives and post-determinatives. Pre-determiners specify quantity in the noun which follows them. They are of three major types:
- "Multiplying" expressions, including expressions ending in times: twice my salary double my salary ten times my salary
- Fractions: half my salary one-third my salary
- The words all and both: all my salary both my salaries Central Determiners. They are mutually exclusive and include the definite article the and the indefinite article a/an as the most common central determiners: all the books half a chapter · As many of our previous examples show, the word my can also occupy the central determiner slot. This is equally true of the other possessives: all your money all his/her money all our money all their money · The demonstratives, too, are central determiners: all these problems twice that size four times this amount. Post-determiners This group includes the following: · Cardinal and ordinal numerals: the two children his fourth birthday · General ordinals: my next project our last meeting your previous remark her subsequent letter · Other quantifying expressions my many friends our several achievements the few friends that I have · Semideterminers: my next two projects several other people. In relation to the topic in the conversation, what is the function of it , this and that? It is the most neutral word, simply continuing reference to what is already the topic. This and that change the focus on the topic in some way:
- This increases the focus, for example, to introduce a new topic.
- That decreases the focus, suggesting that the thing referred to is not going to be important, of that the speaker wants to distance him/herself from it in some way. Tags normally use it , even when they refer to back to clauses where the subject is this or that: “That’s on his floor, is it?” The sequence _fourth his birthday_* is wrong. Explain why.
Name 3 classes of pronouns and give a contextualised example of each. Possessive pronouns: mine : Sweet child of mine Reciprocal pronouns: one another : One way, or another Genitive pronouns: yours: I am not yours What is the difference between a determiner and a determinative? Determiner : function particularises the noun referent in different ways, and its function is realised by determinatives. Whereas the term determinative refers to the type of words that realise the function. What type of contrast, in terms of case, do personal pronouns display? General personal pronouns show different types of contrasts that help us distinguish between (i) personal pronouns, (ii) possessive pronouns, (iii) reflexive pronouns. · Types of contrasts: 23 a) case (subject, object and genitive), e.g. he (subject), him (object) and his (genitive); b) person (1st, 2nd and 3rd), e.g. I/we (1st person), you (2nd person) and he/she/it/one/they (3rd person); c) number (singular and plural), e.g. I (singular) vs. we (plural); d) gender (male and female), e.g. he (male) vs. she (female); One has a generic sense when referring only to people. The pronoun one (plural ones) replaces count nouns, and is anaphoric as in the following conversational exchange: EXAMPLE 6 A: May I have those tapes? B: Which ones? What type of meaning do genitive pronouns convey? Genitive pronouns (mine, yours (singular and plural), his, hers, its, one’s, ours, theirs): Mine finally broke down yesterday. Indicate the types and subtypes of determinatives, according to Downing & Locke (2006). There are four main types of selection: (1) demonstrative and possessive, (2) quantification and distribution, (3) numbering and ordering; and a group classified by the authors as (4) semideterminatives. Can we combine determiners freely? Justify your answer and give examples. In the NP, their position is restricted to its initial slot. In this position, they follow a fixed order with respect to one other which cannot be altered. e.g. Do something that makes you really stand out among all the other interviewees 2 vs. * 3 Do something that makes you really stand out among other the all interviewees.”
What are the genitive forms of reciprocal pronouns? Give two contextualised examples. The forms its and one’s only emerge when accompanied by (very) own, for example A: Do all the buses share the same route? B: No, each bus has its own Explain and give examples of reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) are usually anaphoric, pointing back to subject forms of personal pronouns, e.g. He went to walk by himself. She hurt herself with that knife. What kind of information does each subtype of determinative provide? (related to question
We have 4 main types: Demonstrative and possessive :Demonstratives provide deictic information (that, those) whereas possessive describe the different kinds of relation, especially possession. (my, mine) Quantification and distribution: Quantifiers answer the questions How many and how much whereas distributives refer to each individual of a group of class, and not to the group as a whole Numbering and ordering: Cardinal numbers (one,two) denote exact quantity whilst ordinal numerals(first, second) specify order Semideterminatives: They are classified as adjectives. (such, what, certain, former, same, last, next, own..) Give an example in which such is used as a pronoun. Yolanda's a very good communicator, and as such she reaches her audience. What kind of relation do possessives and genitive determinatives signal? Possessives & Genitive determinatives (the inflected genitive - ‘s and my, your, his, her, its, our, their) are deictic and specific and signal different kinds of relations, especially possession, My house isn’t very big [The house I own]; and various other functions, for instance, in the case of the – ‘s genitive e.g. John’s paper was very good [John wrote a good paper]. Other deictic determiners of the non-specific sort are some, any, no, all, both, each, every, other, another, etc. Give two different examples of the genitive with different functions (paraphrase the meaning). My daughter's car : My daughter has a car (function: possessive) Napoleon's army: Napoleon commanded the army (function: subjective)
