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Unit 4 Self Assessment Syntax, Apuntes de Morfología y Sintaxis

Universitat de València (UV)Morfología y Sintaxis

Unit 4 Self Assessment Syntax. UV Andreea Rosca

Tipo: Apuntes

2019/2020

Subido el 17/09/2021

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1.What do adjectives describe?
They describe the qualities of people, animals, things, places and our perception of these
qualities.
2. Adjectives are typically generated from... nouns or verbs, ex: care-careful, rely-
reliable
3. Give examples of three different types of prefixes that occur typically with
adjectives.
a- : amoral, de- : deforestation, il-: illegally
4. Give examples of three different types of suffixes that occur typically with
adjectives.
-able : acceptable, -ed : aged, -ive: attractive
5. Define and give examples of nominal adjectives.
Nominal adjectives: are adjectives that perform the function of a noun in a sentence. They
preceded by the word the and can be found as the subject or object of a sentence or clause.
6. What type of adjective is the blind? Which type of phrase is blind the head of?
Descriptive adjective. Blind is the head of an adjective phrase.
7. Which are the nominal and adjectival characteristics of nominal adjectives?
Nominal characteristics:
• they are preceded by a determiner (usually the definite article the)
• they can be modified by adjectives (the gallant French, the unfortunate poor)
Adjectival features:
• they are gradable (the very old, the extremely wealthy)
• many can take comparative and superlative forms (the poorer, the poorest)
8. Define and give examples of participial adjectives.
Participal adjectives: adjectives that take -ed, -ing and -en endings can be used attributely
and predicatively and are subject to gradability.
9. True vs. false: Participial/ verbal adjectives can be used predictively or
attributively.
True.
10. Give an example of a participial adjective in an attributive position.
Matt is interested in pádel.
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1.What do adjectives describe? They describe the qualities of people, animals, things, places and our perception of these qualities.

2. Adjectives are typically generated from... nouns or verbs, ex: care-careful, rely- reliable 3. Give examples of three different types of prefixes that occur typically with adjectives. a- : amoral, de- : deforestation, il-: illegally 4. Give examples of three different types of suffixes that occur typically with adjectives.

  • able : acceptable, - ed : aged, - ive: attractive 5. Define and give examples of nominal adjectives. Nominal adjectives: are adjectives that perform the function of a noun in a sentence. They preceded by the word the and can be found as the subject or object of a sentence or clause. 6. What type of adjective is the blind? Which type of phrase is blind the head of? Descriptive adjective. Blind is the head of an adjective phrase. 7. Which are the nominal and adjectival characteristics of nominal adjectives? Nominal characteristics:
  • they are preceded by a determiner (usually the definite article the)
  • they can be modified by adjectives (the gallant French, the unfortunate poor) Adjectival features:
  • they are gradable (the very old, the extremely wealthy)
  • many can take comparative and superlative forms (the poorer, the poorest) 8. Define and give examples of participial adjectives. Participal adjectives: adjectives that take - ed, - ing and - en endings can be used attributely and predicatively and are subject to gradability. 9. True vs. false: Participial/ verbal adjectives can be used predictively or attributively. True. 10. Give an example of a participial adjective in an attributive position. Matt is interested in pádel.

11. Define and give 3 examples of different types of compound adjectives. Many adjectives have compound forms composed of various classes of words: noun + adj: tax-free(goods) determinative + noun: all-American (girl) number + noun: four-wheel (drive) 12. What do we understand by gradability in adjectives? Gradability alludes to a scale of comparison which characterizes our perception of the entity they modify. 13. Provide a definition of gradability and list its degrees. Gradability alludes to a scale of comparison which characterizes our perception of the entity they modify (cf. Huddleston, 1993: 299; 1995: 109; Huddleston and Pullum, 2005: 300). The scale of degree:

  1. Comparative superiority: easier, more difficult
  2. Superlative superiority: the easiest, the most difficult
  3. Equality: as easy as X, as difficult as X
  4. Comparative inferiority: less easy, less difficult
  5. Superlative inferiority: the least easy, the least difficult
  6. Sufficiency: easy enough, difficult enough 14. How do we convey equality with adjectives? Speakers convey degrees of superiority and inferiority either through the suffixes – er and
  • est or periphrastically by means of more, most, less, least, e.g. Mani is the tallest. 15. What structure do we use to express degrees of equality using adjectives? Speakers use absolute forms together with as..as to express degrees of equality of a property of an entity in relation to another entity/other entities. 16. How do we convey superiority with adjectives? We express degrees of superiority either through the suffixes - er and - est or periphrastically by means of more and most. 17. How do we convey inferiority with adjectives? We express degrees of inferiority either through the suffixes - er and - est or periphrastically by means of less and last. 18. Explain and give an example:
  • quite+ adjectives suggests superiority: It is quite near the park gate.
  • very+ adjectives suggests superiority: You're a very interesting person
  • slightly+ adjectives expresses inferiority: She was slightly better yesterday.
  • hardly + adjectives expresses inferiority: It was hardly fair to shift that responsibility solely to him.

28. Define central adjectives. Give three examples of each type, contextualised in a sentence. Central adjectives are used in all positions(attributive, perdicative and postpositive) Light-lighter-lightest A light came in her room. My mom throw away her lighters. From lightest words sometimes the direst quarrel springs. 29. Define marginal adjectives. Give three examples of each type, contextualised in a sentence. Marginal adjectives cannot be used in all positions and do not take inflection I was alive He was dead 30. Define and give an example of an attributive adjective (contextualized) Attributive adjectives are in the first position- before the noun My old school 31. Give an example of adjectives used attributively and ending with – ing /-ed /-ed/ I am interested in science. Science is interesting. I am tired because I worked hard today. Physical work is tiring. 32. Define and give two examples of predicative adjectives (contextualised) Predicative adjectives follow a verb: She is very pretty. She is very clever. 33. Define and give two examples of postpositive adjectives (contextualised) Postpositive adjectives are after the head. The Princess Royal Something useful, those responsible 34. Explain and give 2 examples of shifted premodification in adjectives. Adj acting as NP modifiers experience shifted premodification they deviate from the expected word order if: the AdjP contains intensifying adverbs like as, how the head of the AdjP is in the comparative degree and preceeded by no, much and far *35. According to Carter and McCarthy’s proposal for the sequence of adjectives, this example is wrong, why? You need one of those round, bathing wooden tubs.

*36. According to Carter and McCarthy’s proposal for the sequence of adjectives, this example is wrong, why? She’s an old remarkable woman. She’s just got such a long fantastic, memory. In both, 28 and 29 exercises, adjectives tend to follow a specific order before the noun. The adjectives referring to one's opinion, precede 'factual' adjectives and within latter, adjectives denoting size and shape appear before adjectives describing age, colour, origin, and material or substance, in this order: Ex: beautiful, big, green eyes. 37. What does an ADjP consist of? An AdjP consists of an adjective functioning as its head, modifiers, an postmodifiers/complements. 38. Are modifiers essential in an AdjP? No, they are optional. 32. What can (pre) modifiers in AdjPs realised by? Give an example of each and analyse the AdjP in each example. They are typically realised by:

  • ly adverbs: attractive, reasonably friendly, socially acceptable adjectives: deep red, dark blue, vivid green nouns: emerald green, rose pink, world wide 39. Give one example with an AdjP with an adverb as a pre-modifier. Strangely attractive. 40. Give one example with an AdjP with a PP as a post-modifier. Happy at the prospect. 41. Give one example with an AdjP with a finite clause as a post-modifier. Sure that I can do it. 42. Give one example with an AdjP with a non-finite clause as a post-modifier. Brave to do it. 43. Which adverb, functioning as a modifier is placed after the adjective? Give an example. The adverb enough is the only that can functioning as qualifier/postmodifier in an AdjP. Example: He is not tall enough to play basketball.