Capitolo 6 Introducing Translation studies Munday, Slide di Linguistica Inglese

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SCIENZA E TECNICA DELLA MEDIAZIONE LINGUISTICA TEORIE DELLA TRADUZIONE A.A. 2020/

CHAPTER 6

Text Analysis VS Discourse Analysis  TEXT ANALYSIS focuses on describing how texts are organized  DISCOURSE ANALYSIS looks at the way language comminicates meaning and social and power relations The most influencial model of discourse analysis is Michael Halliday’s

SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL MODEL

STUDY LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION Relates them to a wider sociocultural framework Sees meaning in the writer’s linguistic choices

Conventional text type associated with a specific communicative function REGISTER GENRE Links the variables of social context to language choice Field Tenor Mode

Variables of Register Metafunctions FIELD TENOR MODE

IDEATIONAL

INTERPERSONAL

TEXTUAL

SELECTION OF GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT- SELECTION OF ACTIVE/PASSIVE “Quaderni del carcere”, political essay by Antonio Gramsci, 1948- 1951 ST: «Questo organismo è già dato dallo sviluppo storico ed è il partito politico,la prima cellula in cui si riassumono dei germi di volontà collettiva che tendono a divenire universali e totali.» ( PASSIVE ) TT : «History has already provided this organism, and it is the political party-the first cell in which there come together germs of a collective will tending to become universal and total.» ( ACTIVE ) “Selections from the prison notebooks”, edited and translated by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, 1992

HOUSE'S MODEL OF TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT

J. House, A model for Translation Quality Assesment Overt translation

▪ «One in which the addressees

of the translation text are

«overtly» not being directly

addressed»

▪ The target text audience is

aware that the original text

was not directed to them

▪ Equivalence cannot be sought

at the level of the individual

text function, since the

discourse worlds of ST and TT

are different.

Covert translation

▪ «A translation that enjoys the

status of an original text in the

target language»

▪ The target text audience is not

taken into the discourse world

of the source text

▪ Equivalence is necessary at

the level of individual text

function. In order to do it, a

«cultural filter» needs to be

applied by the translator.

Examples of overt translation in audiovisual media Original version: each apartment is everyone’s favourite flavour. Nordwood’s Red Velvet Italian version: ogni appartamento ha il gusto preferito del suo condomino. Quello di Nordwood è Red Velvet Original version: It was a D. I got a D. D Italian version: Quella era una D. ho preso una D. Gilmore Girls, Season 1 Ep. 4 Wreck-it Ralph, 2012

Baker’s text and pragmatic level analysis: a coursebook for translators Equivalence at a series of levels: ►at word ►above-word ►grammar ►thematic structure ►cohesion ►pragmatic levels In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation (1992/2011) by Mona Baker

Thematic and information structures ► Thematic structure is realized differently in different languages. This inevitably creates a different thematic pattern in ST and TT. ► Some languages have a relatively free word order, while others have a more rigid one (Italian vs English). ► Baker’s alternative functional sentence perspective model of thematic structure: it takes into account ‘communicative dynamism’ as well as word order, so it may be more suitable for languages with a frequent VS order. ► Baker compares nominalization and verbal forms in theme position: Example: Furono eseguite delle indagini per valutare lo stato della struttura. English translation The state of the building was investigated. English passive form in final position However, Baker recommends a different thematic structure in order to meet the genre conventions of English abstracts: Investigations were carried out to check the state of the building. Nominalization investigations in first position as the ‘theme’ of the sentence with a different passive verbal form ( were carried out )

Cohesion  Grammatical and lexical links helping a text hold together.  Strictly connected to Coherence.  Logical sense within a text. Coherence COHERENCE DISCOURSE 1A TEXT 1 COHESION^ COHERENCE DISCOURSE 1B

Forms of Cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976) TYPE OF COHESION  Reference  Substitution  Ellipsis  Conjunction

EXAMPLES

Brenda went for a visit. She found it quite unpleasant. Do you prefer the blue trousers or the red ones? I couldn’t finish my homework, but next time I will. Additive (and…), Adversative (but, however…), Temporal (then, finally…), Causal (because…). Reiteration: same-word repetition, synonym, superordinate, general word. Collocation: words co-occurring in set groups or inside the same semantic field.  Lexical Cohesion

Shifts of Cohesion in Translation [JAP] この世界の誰一人見たことがないものがある。それは優しくてとても甘い。 たぶん、見ることができたなら、だれもがそれをほしがるはずだ。だからこそ、世 界はそれを隠したのだ。そう簡単に（それを）手に入れられないように。だけど、 いつかは誰かが（それを）見つける。（それを）手に入れれべきたった一人がちゃ んとそれを見つけられる。（それは）そういうふうにできている。（恋） [ENG] In this world, there’s this thing that no one’s ever seen. This thing , it ’s very kind and gentle. And if anyone could actually see it , there would be a whole bunch of people wanting to have it. Maybe that’s why the world keeps hiding it from everyone. If it ’s hard to get, that makes it even more special. Yeah, but one day someone will find it. And whoever does, they would be the one who was supposed to find it. Because that’s the way it’s meant to be. (love) [ITA] Esiste in questo mondo qualcosa che nessuno ha mai visto. Si tratta di qualcosa di gentile ed estremamente dolce. Presumo che, se fosse possibile veder lo , tutti finirebbero per desiderar lo. Ed è per tale motivo che il mondo l’ ha nascosto. Per assicurarsi che (esso) non potesse essere ottenuto con facilità. Ma prima o poi, qualcuno lo troverà. L’unica persona destinata ad ottenere quel qualcosa , lo otterrà. È così che ha stabilito il destino. (l’amore) Kono sekai no darehitori mita koto ga nai mono ga aru. Sore ha yasashikute totemo amai. Tabun, miru koto ga dekita nara, daremo ga sore wo hoshigaru hazu desu. Dakarakoso, sekai ha sore wo kakushita no da. Sou kantan ni ( sore wo) te ni irarenai you ni. Dakedo, itsuka ha dareka ga ( sore wo) mitsukeru. ( Sore wo) Te ni irere beki tatta hitori ga chanto sore wo mitsukeru. (Kore ha) Sou iu fuu ni dekiteiru. (koi)

PRAGMATICS is: Has three concepts "The study of language in use, the study of meaning as conveyed and manipulated by participants in a communicative situation” Coherence Presupposition Implicature Depends on the hearer’s or receiver’s expectations and experience of the world What the speaker means or implies rather than what s/he says Relates to the linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge the sender assumes the receiver to have

PRAGMATICS AND

TRANSLATION