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January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Production Technology
Completion Equipment
Professor Bahman Tohidi
Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh EH14 4AS
Scotland
Tel: +44 (0)131 451 3672
Fax: +44 (0)131 451 3127
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Completion Equipment
• Production Tubing
• Wellhead Systems
• Xmas Tree
• Packers
• Wireline Nipple and Mandrel Systems
• Sub-Surface Safety Systems
• Tubing-Annulus Communication Equipment
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Production Tubing
Design of production tubing should satisfy
the following criteria:
• Minimising pressure drop
• Suspension of tubing joints
• High internal pressures
• High external pressures
• Resistant to chemical corrosion
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Production Tubing
• Tubing Diameter
– OD + lbs/ft (7” OD, 26 lbs/ft)
• Tensile Strength
– H-40, C-75, L-80, N-80, and P-
– Number is an indication of minimum yield strength
– Letter grades indicate the manufacturing process
– Maximum near to surface
• Internal Pressure
– Internal vs differential pressure
– Burst pressure is calculated for gas filled tubing
– Maximum generally occurs at surface
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Production Tubing
• External Pressure
– Collapse is most likely at the bottom of the well
• Corrosion
– Acidic Corrosion
– Sulphide Stress Cracking/Hydrogen Embitterment
– Use of inhibitor
• Coupling Types
– Connections that require internal pressure
– Metal to metal or elastomeric seal connections
– Resilient seal rings
http://www.azom.com/details.asp?articleID=
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Production Tubing
• Coupling Types
– External
– Integral
• Specification of Tubing
– Different diameter tubing-Telescopic tubing
– After size, design is based on tension, burst and
collapse
Length OD wt/ft Grade Coupling Joint length
7000’ 7” 26 C-75 Hydril Super Range III
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Well head
Xmas Tree
Wellhead Systems
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Wellhead Systems
Wellhead has the following functions:
- Suspension of casings and tubings
- Flanging up fluid flow devices
- Hydraulic communication with annulus
Wellheads used on offshore platforms or land
based wells can be divided into:
- Conventional Spool System
- Compact Spool Systems
- Mud Line Suspension System
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Conventional Spool System
- Casing head housing (base flange)
- A casing hanger will be attached to the last joint of
the casing
- Cameron A. W.
- Boll-weevil
- Casing head spool
- Tubing head spool
- Pressure sealing
- Between flanges by ring gaskets
- Seal area above or within the hanger
- If the casing projects into the base of casing head then a
seal ring system is required
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
X
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Compact Spool (UNIHEAD) System
- In conventional wellhead BOP stack has to be
removed for any spool installation
- Compact spool system is a one piece spool
which can provide hang-off areas for
suspension of at least two casing strings
- Intermediate casing
- The production casing
- Production tubing
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Compact Spool System
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Xmas Tree
construction uses of a
yoke piece
configuration
Tree is connected by
a flange or clamp to
the top of the wellhead
Solid Block
Construction
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Xmas Tree
Cross Piece
Xmas Tree
Solid Block
Construction
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Packers
- A packer provides physical isolation of the
casing/tubing(s) annulus above the
production zone. It can provide:
- Well Protection
- Corrosion Protection
- Abrasion Protection
- Casing/Wellhead Burst Protection
- Production Stability
- Preventing annulus heading
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Packers
- Zonal Isolation
- Selective or segregated production
- Annulus to Tubing Injection
- Injection Operations
- Economic injection rate or fracturing
- Temporary Isolation
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Packers Components and Mechanics
- Sealing Element(s)
- one or more rings of elastomer
- able to withstand P, T & chemical composition
- a metal back up system to the packer elements
- Slip System
- mechanical latch keys located either above and/or
below the sealing element
- They may support slackened off weight of tubing
- Setting and Release Mechanism
- Independent or integral part of completion string
- Hold Down Buttons
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Classification of Packers
- Permanency
- Stress state at the time of setting
- Tension, Compression, or Neutral
- Setting Mechanism
- Weight set, Roto-mechanical set, Electric
wireline set, and Hydraulic set
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Packers-Setting Mechanism
Compression packers Tension packer
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Packers-Setting Mechanism
Compression and
tension packer
Permanent packer
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Packer Selection
- Casing and tubing sizes
- Depth of the well and anticipated
pressure
- Annular fluid type and pressure
difference
- Thermal stresses on the tubing
- Whether tubing should be retrievable
without the packer
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Running Options for Packer
- As an integral part of the completion string
using a hydraulic compression/tension weight
set or roto-mechanical
- Packer being preset in the wellbore and
tubing run afterwards, potential for wireline
setting
- Packer with the tailpipe are set on a
workstring or wireline
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Packer Selection
- Casing and tubing sizes
- Depth of the well and bottom-hole pressure
- Annular fluid type and differential pressure
- Extent of thermal stress and potential forces
- Need for tubing retrieval without the packer
- Bore size offered by the packer
- Completion string equipment compatibility
- The deviation angle, effect on setting
mechanism
- The design, length and weight of tailpipe
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Packer/Tubing Seal
- Geometrical Seal Design
- Ring or Chevron Seal System
- Chemical Composition of Seals
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Basic Types of Landing Nipple
internal profile
setting tool
magnet
Baker non selective
nipple systems
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Ancillary Equipment for Nipples
nipples
currents
- Abrasive action
- Flow Coupling
- A relatively short, heavy-
walled completion
component
- Protecting against abrasion
Baker flow coupling
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Sub Surface Safety Systems
- They are required for:
- Xmas Tree removal for workover
- Removal of surface valves
- Damage to Xmas Tree
- Leakage on Xmas Tree
- SSSV are available based on:
- Direct Control (D.C.SSSV)
- Remotely or Surface Controlled (S.C.SSSV)
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Directly Controlled (D.C.SSSV)
- Differential pressure operated safety valves
- Ambient or pre-charged type safety valves
- Advantages:
- Simple construction and operating principle
- Easy installation and retrieval
- Cheaper installation cost
- Disadvantages
- Not 100% reliable
- Performance could be affected due to solid deposition
- Testing of valve operation is not easy
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Surface Controlled (S.C.SSSV)
pressure
- Either ball or flapper type
- Tubing or wireline retrievable
- Tubing retrievable must be
reliable
larger flow area
Wireline retrievable
valve nipple system
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Ancillary Equipment for S.C.SSSV
nipple is required
- The control line should be
strapped to the outside of
the tubing
- It should be connected into
the base of the tubing
hanger
Control Line Cable
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Tubing-Annulus Communication Equipment
Circulation is required for:
- To displace out the tubing contents to initiate
production
- To displace tubing contents with a kill fluid
- To allow continuous or intermittent injection, e.g.,
- Pour point depressant
- Corrosion or scale inhibitor
- Gas for gas lift
- Available options are:
- Sliding side door or sliding sleeve
- Side pocket mandrel with shear valve
- Ported nipple
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Sliding Side Door or Sliding Sleeve
- Consists of inner and and outer sleeves with slots and
seal rings
- In the closed position, the inner mandrel or sleeve is
located such that the ports the outer tubing wall are
isolated by seals above and below on the inner
mandrel
- Movement of the inner sleeve either upwards or
downwards can produce alignment of the slots on the
inner mandrel with the ports in the outer tubing
- If failure to close the sleeve on jarring occurs, a
separation sleeve could be run which will land inside
the sliding sleeve and seal in the seal bores above
and below the slotted section of the inner sleeve
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Sliding Side Door or Sliding Sleeve
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Side Pocket Mandrel
mandrel with ports located
on its outside wall
are:
- Wireline replaceable valve is
located within the mandrel
body
- The valve is located external
to the tubing mandrel
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Side Pocket
Mandrel
Common vales are:
- Fluid injection valve which
operate on absolute or
differential pressure
designed to shear under
preset differential pressure
January 06 Completion Equipment
B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Kick over
Tool
Running
Procedure
