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Inbreeding: Conceito, Formas Extremas e Cálculo do Coeficiente de F, Notas de estudo de Genética

Este documento aborda o conceito de inbreeding, diferentes formas de gene flow e interbreeding, incluindo a autofertilização extremas. O texto também explica o cálculo do coeficiente de f de wright, utilizado para quantificar o grau de inbreeding em populações. Além disso, discute-se a importância de inbreeding em saúde e doenças, padrões de casamentos consanguíneos e sua distribuição global.

Tipologia: Notas de estudo

2013

Compartilhado em 17/08/2013

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Inbreeding

Differences driven by patterns of

gene flow/ interbreeding…

  • True when looking at different populations
    • BUT doesn’t have to be “between populations”
  • Related concept: inbreeding
    • Breeding between closely related individuals
    • Capacity for dispersal often limited
    • Changes distribution of genotypes

An extreme form of inbreeding:

self-fertilization

Gen0 25% AA 50% Aa 25% aa

25% AA ¼ (50%) AA, ½ (50%) Aa, ¼ (50%)aa 25%aa

An extreme form of inbreeding:

self-fertilization

Gen0 25% AA 50% Aa 25% aa

25% AA ¼ (50%) AA, ½ (50%) Aa, ¼ (50%)aa 25%aa

Gen1 37.5% AA 25% Aa 37.5% aa

An extreme form of inbreeding:

self-fertilization

Gen0 25% AA 50% Aa 25% aa

25% AA ¼ (50%) AA, ½ (50%) Aa, ¼ (50%)aa 25%aa

Gen1 37.5% AA 25% Aa 37.5% aa Gen2 43.75% AA 12.5% Aa 43.75% aa

GenX 50% AA 0% Aa 50% aa

Every generation, heterozygote fraction goes down, and feeds alleles into homozygotes... creates “pure breeding” lines

Quantifying inbreeding...

  • Inbreeding (even if not “selfing”) reduces % heterozygotes
    • Feeds alleles into homozygotes
  • Reduction in % heterozygotes from HW expected quantifies

inbreeding

F calculation example

  • Studying a population with the following genotypes:

AA 553 Aa 294 aa 153

F calculation example

  • Studying a population with the following genotypes:

AA 553 = 0.553 p(A) = 0. Aa 294 = 0.294 q(a) = 0. aa 153 = 0. N=

F calculation example

  • Studying a population with the following genotypes:

AA 553 = 0.553 p(A) = 0. Aa 294 = 0.294 q(a) = 0. aa 153 = 0. N=1000 HW expectation AA: 0. F = (0.42-0.294)/0.42 Aa: 0. = 0.30 aa: 0.

F calculation practice

  • Genotypes on Croatian islands:

AA 0. Aa 0. aa 0.

  • Calculate F!

Croatia

F calculation practice

  • Genotypes on Croatian islands:

AA 0.8136 p=0. Aa 0.1728 q=0. aa 0.

  • F = (0.18-0.1728)/0.18 = 0.

Croatia

Inbreeding F vs FST

  • Both based on same principle
    • Seeing fewer heterozygotes than HW prediction
    • Indicates “ non-random mating
    • Symptom of “Wahlund effect”
  • Apply inbreeding F
    • Looking at individuals within one population
  • Apply FST
    • Quantifying difference between populations

Inbreeding around the world

Global distribution of marriages between couples related as second cousins or closer ( F ≥ 0_._ 0156).

… but isn’t inbreeding “ bad ” …?

  • BY ITSELF, inbreeding only changes the distribution of alleles

among genotypes

  • DOES NOT make any alleles “go away”
  • Nonetheless, many know of

“inbreeding depression”... This

requires NATURAL SELECTION

as well as inbreeding...