Language Disorders psicolinguistica, Diapositivas de Psicolingüística

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Language

disorders

P SYCHOLI NGUISTI CS, E N G LISH LAN G UAGE ACQUI S I TION AN D L EAR NI NG

A N A L A U R A R O D R Í G U E Z R E D O N D O

Language disorders

• Introduction
  • Aphasia:
    • language deficits acquired after brain damage
    • Affects the production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write.
    • injury to the brain-most commonly from:
      • a stroke
      • head trauma
      • brain tumors
      • infections
  • Not all aphasics have the same symptoms
  • Language difficulties without cognitive impairment

Summary of Aphasias

Type of Aphasia

Spontaneo us speech

Para- phasias

Comprehensi on

Repetiti on Naming^ Lesion site

Broca’s Poor,Nonfluent - Good Poor Poor anterior

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Fluent, empty +^ Poor^ Poor^ Poor^ posterior

Conduction Fluent + Good Poor Poor arcuatefasciculus

Anomic

Fluent, with circumlocu tions

+ Good Good Poor anywhere

Global Virtuallynone - Poor Poor Poor large

Transcortic al motor

Nonfluent, little -^ Good^ Good^ Not bad^

Outside in frontal lobe

Transcortic al sensory Fluent^ +^ Poor^ Good^ Poor^

Outside in parietal lobe

Language disorders

 Agraphia

disorder of language apparent in writing

 Alexia

 disorder of language apparent in reading

 Anarthria

Disturbances of language due to:

severe intellectual impairment loss of sensory input (especially vision and hearing) paralysis in coordination of the musculature of the mouth or hand It is not considered an aphasic disturbance per se

Summary of Symptoms

• Disorders of Comprehension
  • Poor auditory comprehension
  • Poor visual comprehension
    • Disorders of Production
      • Poor articulation
      • Word-finding deficit ( anomia )
      • Unintended words of phrases ( paraphasia )
      • Loss of grammar or syntax
      • Inability to repeat aurally presented material
      • Low verbal fluency
      • Inability to write ( agraphia )
      • Loss of tone in voice ( aprosidia )

Language disorders

Three broad categories according to: spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, and verbal repetition

Nonfluent aphasias – there are difficulties in articulating but relatively good auditory verbal comprehension (e.g., Broca ’s severe, Broca’s mild)

Fluent aphasias – fluent speech but difficulties either in auditory verbal comprehension or in the repetition of words, phrases, or sentences spoken by others (e.g., Wernicke ’s or sensory aphasia; Anomic )

“Pure” aphasias – there are selective impairments in reading, writing, or the recognition of words (e.g., agraphia , alexia without agraphia)

Wernicke’s aphasia

Patient is asked what brought him to the hospital.

◦ PARAGRAMMATISM

“Is this some of the work that we work as we did before? …

All right … From when wine [why] I’m here. What’s wrong

with me because I … was myself until the taenz took

something about the time between me and my regular time

in that time and they took the time in that time here and

that’s when the the time took around here and saw me

around in it’s started with me no time and I bekan [began]

work of nothing else that’s the way the doctor find me that

way…” (Obler & Gjerlow 1999:43)

Wernicke’s aphasia

Phonemic paraphrasias

◦ Substitutions of individual phonemes include ◦ Addition ◦ Omission ◦ Change in position ◦ trable for table ◦ pymarid for pyramid (Damasio, 1992:535) ◦ The more such phonemic paraphasias accumulate in a word, the harder it is to understand it

Neologism

◦ Non-words where the target word is unrecognizable ◦ hipidomateous for hippopotamus.

Wernicke’s aphasia

Semantic paraphrasias ( empty speech )

◦ Failure in the selection of the proper words with which to convey her ideas ◦ This deficit can be compensated for by the usage of paraphrases.

◦ They are often quite simple: ◦ E.g. relying on generic terms like thing or stuff to stand in for the more specific words

Wernicke’s aphasia

◦ Other times, they become quite elaborate.

◦ a Wernicke’s patient asked where he lived, answered: ◦ “I came there before here and returned there.” (Kandel, 1995:640)

◦ moderate Wernicke’s aphasia patient attempting to explain what he had done on a shopping trip the previous day: ◦ ‘I went down to the thing to do the other one and she was only the last one that ever did it, so I never did.’ (Brookshire & McNeil 2015:165)

Wernicke’s aphasia

Logorrhea or press of speech

◦ an overabundance of speech ◦ Probably because: ◦ They produce speech easily ◦ Their circumlocution, and their deficient self-monitoring may contribute to their inclination to run on when they talk.

Wernicke’s aphasia

Clinician: “Tell me what you do with a comb.”

Patient: “What do I do with a comb … what I do with a comb. Well a comb is a utensil or some such thing that can be used for arranging and rearranging the hair on the head both by men and by women. One could also make music with it by putting a piece of paper behind and blowing through it. Sometimes it could be used in art – in sculpture, for example, to make a series of lines in soft clay. It’s usually made of plastic and usually black, although it comes in other colors. It is carried in the pocket or until it’s needed, when it is taken out and used, then put back in the pocket. Is that what you had in mind?”

(Brookshire & McNeil 2015:195)

Broca’s aphasia

Examiner : Describe this picture.

Patient : kid … kk … can … cookie … caandy …well I don’t know but it’s writ … easy does it … slam … early … fall … men … many … no … girl. Dishes … soap … water … … water … falling pah that’s all … dish … that’s all. Cookies … can … candy … cookies cookies … he … down … That’s all. Girl … slipping water … water … and it hurts … much to do. Her … clean up. Dishes … up there … I think that’s doing it

Examiner : What is she doing with the dishes?

Patient: discharge no … I forgot … dirtying clothes [?] dish {?} water …

Examiner : What about it?

Patient : slippery water … [?] scolded … slipped

(Obler & Gjerlow 1999:41)

Broca’s aphasia ◦ Example: ◦ Sarah Scott months after stroke

◦ Sarah Scott 6 years later