Baixe A forma canonica de Jordan e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para Matemática, somente na Docsity!
2 354687:9;9=<(7?>@ -AB$1&DCE$1"% CGFH.! JIK$1C0 "8L$MC0 #N-$
O'PRQRO'S 7 S'QRQTVU F!W$'FX4 ,G,GFR$ZY[4\
7]"^$1 #_a`b cMdRegfh1ikj?fhmlnpomqsrutvnwt1i
xRx .! "^$'&MyN-FH.! Hz SRS'S
{+|~}GX
G
ka]M5MG D ]= ! ; ZGD] !mD:M- Bpa=
g:m¢¡ ]m5;?;a£¢¤-Ma ¥B¦R§:=
] ¨;
¨gu©§G
ª) ¨ D; «m\G¤ 1u©§ D mpDDMgg ¨¨DG ª:+v¬g¨+m
pB©§D
«m?=a£DD D¥ªª m= M kaa©§ D m- a D= ®1m=¨ m]E¯
1m-
«m]¬
¨
± DD§: mg¨M m ²pmaa=- ¥
½ ¾J¿'À¿RÁàÄVŲÄvÆ ÄV¿RDzÀÈÇZÂÆ-ÄÆÉÄVÊÈÆ-ËÌÄÍÀÄvÇÎÈDZÁ#ÀÄÐϱ¿%Ñ!ÈÆ Ï±ÄvÇ ½
Ò ¾J¿'À¿RÁàÄÍŲÄÆ-Ä^¿'DzÀÈÇZÂ Æ ÄÆJÄÓ²ÄÔ¿HÄÔÔÈBÀ1ÁÕÄvϲÄ×ÖÄÍÊÈÆ-ËÌÄ^ϲ¿ØÑBÈÆ Ï±ÄvÇ Ò
Ù ÚÛÊÈvÆ~ËÐÄÍϱ¿%Ñ!ÈÆ Ï±ÄvÇÜÆ ¿'ÄvÝ Þ
Þ ßHËÐÄÍÄÅÝàÁ#ÀÄáÀuâÄÈãϱÄVÊÈÆ-ËÌÄÍϲ¿%ÑBÈvÆ-ϲÄÇ ä
å æ²ç±Ç¢áÀâÈ¿1ÔJϲ¿ËÌÄuÂÆ~ÁÕèM¿1Ô é
ê ëíì îì
sïZ¸ñð@¸¢¹B¸
ì
ò@î
ò
ï
!¹B¸¢¹ó¸íô¼\¹
î
ò
Íõ
ò
î
íö
ì
ø÷
\¹ù
ö¶¸
ò
½vúû½ýü5þmÿ ÿpþ ¢þ þ àþ þþÿ Eþ Dþ "!
)+* ,-/.0* ,12,435-7698:* ,1;,:3=<?> - 76 8 A@CB?DDD *,12,E>F-76 B
G
,:H
IþJ þK"L~þmÿ $ AK$M NK % O &P
H
AIþQ$vþN $ A A $ L~þ
Rvÿ $ vÿ þ AS
T9UWVYX[Z^] _
`
Ya bdc=bdegfih
Z
Mj kFk e ml$hn o"f
Z
qp n
pqr7k$Z o
pkFs"\tdXuk t o
rvX[^Xuk[wx\Frus l
]
n y
VzZ
½vúÃÒ ü5þmÿ ÿpþ ÿ !
K K N% '
5* ,?-. *,O1 ,:3- 8 *,1 ,43M<?>^- 8 A@CB DDD *, 1;,E>^- B
þ þ5 { D DD L A m { H P H
S
½vúpÙ þ þ Eþþ { D DD
vþ þ Eþþ H .
D
DD
Eþmÿ ÿpþ þ CÿþK
þ þ
4H5-
S
A A Eþþ :þ A$þCÿvþ A&
H ! #"%$
Cÿvþ R Kþ þ F;!þ'&Cþ=$þ þmÿ/ ¶ÿ)(vþ Cÿpþ
&=K )þvþ $ A Aþ ! A$ Eþmÿ þ A=þþ FS
½vúwÞ* AþKKJ
,+ H!
þ
-&=þ=$þK /.ÿ C R 10 þ K A2
þ $5 pþ ?þ þ"L~þmÿ
:H
3 þ/&=þ=$þK K 4.vÿ 5 þ þ
56 6 6 6 6
7
,:H
8 DDD
8
8 ,:H
DDD
8
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
8 8 8 DDD
8 8 8 DDD ,:H
9 ;::
: : :
<
#=>
A ?&C
H! A@
H! ,@
B&C
1 F H! HG
H!
I 1F { D DD H 1 {E
"
$
ÿ ^!A K$$
3 J HK! L. 8 3 I $S
½vúÃå
$
þQ 10 þ %! þJ þ :pþ M þmÿ /.vÿC & þþ
. vÿC mK B0 þ A þ$5 pþ þJþ"L~þmÿ , :H
I NF { D DD
I 1 { D DD
H
S
O ëíì îì
sïZ¸ð@¸¢¹B¸
ì
ªò@î
ò
ï
Z¹B¸¢¹Ü¸QP@¸SR
ì
¸SRTR¼
î
º¸¢ö¶¸VU¸ñô¼?¹
ö
ì ÷
¼\¹Bö¶¸
ò
ÒBúû½XW þL Y& Eþmÿ ÿpþ ÿ !
K K N%
* ,-/.0* ,12,435- 8 :* ,O12,:3=<?>F- 8 "@=B?DDD *,O12, >-B
vþ þ EþvþZ .
D
DD
& Eþþ[ .
D
DD
H \
,+ H!
8
Eþmÿ vÿpþ
L $ A[_`&= AIþ ÿba I A ;$ AþÍÿK þ
4Hc5- _ . 8
&=K þ$ àþTa Eþedþ2 KKa Iþ
:HcC-
_ gf .
8 3
K
%þ! þ
A=$þ N A$þ K Ah&=K N% S
C
"$C13 "ea1(;"Sa 0&< 2($)\8U"K( 1 3kN 0&M1(; 23B_
) _
^ / 532"'&!)n39p2"KV .
^ /
"KV .
"'1E
C
5- I *
_
J
$ "3^ /
8 "a1E 3 2"K&!)\3\p#"KV .
"$
C
C-
_
O
321K6cNK 28US'1 1 3 *)\3&< #$C" 6 7)98F L"(k"33)$ 1 as#&!)dS'1 1 as0&< 2$C135^
/
4_
8 8 8 A{ 8
1 /
_
8 8 8 8 A{
H.
1 $%s#)\8U"'V .
1 a 236c)98F "(; 23Sa 233# 23E N 0&M1(; 23&M"$%s= #$ 3 UE"a1u321 /
V .
1 a 23E O
` (; . #/ ( ;"8US'1"0eZ1(;"Q13 NK #&M1(L 3 X^ / 3 2"K&!)\3\p#"KV .
"K$"u ^
/ "KV . "'1E
C
C-
J
$"3Q^ /
C
C- * -
f
1
as#&< #$13
1 / .0*
A{ 8 8 8
1 / .0*
A{ 8 8
1 / .
8 8 8 A{ A{
Pu"m=
nJ
" tsL"3# "3* .
)!"aS'"" p21K(*$C"tSa uo1(;S'"8 =
1 C C-
_
1 CC- *
_
_
1 C C- * -
1 K8USa _? 3 #"'1A
.
1 6Z)!S'13 #8&!(L 1 3kN #&M1K(; 23 #
.
1 8U&!(v"'Sa13 "8&< 2()d1(*$% #8&< (;
3 2&!(*)!&M13"
. 1 8US)!V . "'1tSZ ^E / Q . 1 /
8 &M1 3 # d 2"
O 2O
` 1 (2&M"8&M1t"tsL"3# 4U(; . 0/ ( ;"'S'" J #8&!(L / &!(v"3 4 133)ds#)\67)dS'"'Sa J 0f=
*m
1 C 1
1
1
1 C C-
_
C
C C -Q. *
1 C5- *
_
8 e8 e8 {e
Q.
_
*m
- Q. *
1 C C- * -
{ e8 e8 e8 e
Q.
! #"Q|"5$C"K&!()b+ . 0/ 2" . 1 / 8 F"3i3UE"a1k13N 0&M1(; 23uS'" sL"3# "33)9$ 28 . 1 8&!(;"'S'"af
.
1 C C
C
C
2$C13u"33*)9$x^
/
J 1 / L^ / )9N"6, 28U&< 2$% 28&< J
ô¼?¹
¸ ö
ì
÷
¼?¹Bö¶¸
ò
ì
% +:þ þ F þþ ÿ A AM + $ þ #"%$'& WK þK"L~þmÿ
K %
A=Iþ("
& þ. A! $ :!þ K þ"L~þmÿ AS W þO : &=?A: pþ K!
&C 5 $ A ¢þ$$C pþ :þ .vÿC 0 þ
a+*
þ þ N .ÿ C m $ þ
DDD -
- + DDD -
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
- - - DDD
- - - DDD +
DDD
DDD
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
DDD
DDD
+ a.
DDD
DDD
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
DDD
DDD
+ J.
ü Eþþ/.vÿ 5 /&C Fþþ þ , ! A
C
C
A &C ,
K! þþ N ÿ A A= m $ þm A
C
C
S
.vþ ªþ$$C pþvþ þd þ 0 FþN $ þmÿ=þmþ F % C K$ E!
þ
þ Jvþ $$ þ .vþ þJ þJ '0 vþ ÿ Rþ5S þ þQ$
.vþ$þJ A ÿ (
=L AK A= A A= 2L $ A _ þ$5 pþ×þ " $ & þ$5 pþóþ "
J.:$ $!
_ $
C *
_
1 - 5* C
S
¿RËÐÅÝ#ÈÐÙBúû½ $C"5$C"K&!()b+Q(L L"K6
. #/ #1R41K6c)98: 1 $)d . "K(v" . &< 2(=
3 2&!) . 1 X=
1
,
l
-. *,O1 *C
- - C* , 1 *C 1
.0/ #1i4167)\8 1 $)!1: $A=
8 B)9$1=
1
,
l
- I. *, 1 *C
- - I*,1 *C 1
- - I
&< #$ p#1($"tSZ u1(;S'" .
1 $ 4 U6, a" "%$C"K&!(),+
.
C
C
C
C
C
C 1
C 1
C 1
l
+H.
5666667 ,:H {^8 DDD 8
,4H
DDD
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
DDD
DDD ,4H
A=Iþ
D
DD
@CB
DDD
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
DDD
DDD
AK
þN þ& ?0 vþ KþN þ þmÿ &C
A
&C
.
S
¿RËÐÅÝ#ÈVÞ»úû½ 18o3)!Sa #(; #$C131%3*)\3&< #$C"
. ,O
. C
C
. 1 $|" . 1 8FS)9V . 1 a 3uSZ uN"6b1(L 3)98B)E . )d")n , W*
-. C
3 &< 3 *)\3&< #$C"41 Sa 3# #(@
.
()!&M1 8 F"tp#1($C" .
1 8USZ
.
1
C
C
C
1 Lea
J 3 / "i321 / V . "'1E = .
O
p21K(*$C" Sa 5o1(;S'"8 Sa =
C
C
^ / 32&=" "33# .
)d"'S'" " sL"30
8 A{ A{
{ A{ 8
8 J 8 J A{
O 1 LeZ
J 3 # #8US'1 .
J &< 2$C13k^ / .
O
` 1 (2&M"8&M J .
O
1K$
.
t
&< 2$C1 U .
1
1
1
/
6 z&!) 4 U67)
.
"8US'1 23&M"5$C"K&!()b+4o1(
J 1 as0&< 2$C13Q"%321K / V . "a1tS'1%3*)\3&< 2$C"tS'"aS'1'fE
^ $ -
. 1 C
C
´ò
î
¼ì R öìμ¸«ï!¹»º
ì
R
Hsþ :þ þ
Kþ :a Iþ :þ L~þ A!þL ÿWþmÿ&C
3 DDD 3
M<?>
A$Iþ 4:þ þ L5A (þa Eþ þK"L~þmÿ $ A
4H
&S
+ H.
,:H
DDD
,4H
DDD
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
DDD
DDD , H
A=Iþ
m Ka Iþ
* ,+ H[-/.
*, H- *, H-
*, H- C DDD
CB
*,4Hx-
*,:Hu- DDD
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
DDD
*,:Hv-
DDD
*,4Hx-
)þ Fþ B0 Fþ
+ J.
DDD
+a DDD
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
DDD +
u Kþþ þmÿ &C
AMIþ
4K Iaþ
* ,+>F-
DDD
* ,+a"- DDD
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
DDD
Aþ þ :a I A K Rþ A $ K $ A L~þ pþ K K AþK A d A þ
vþ A
C
C
A Q
5 Avÿ
A +þmÿM :þN$ K $ Aþ
àþ
(^)
G
$ K $ A= N
(^)
AhM þmÿ[S
_ OK þqL K % þ$5 pþÐþKþ"L~þmÿ "
AMIþ _! K
þ K"L
þ$5 pþ þ þK"L~þmÿ
S
W K $ CK! vþ þO ?!þmÿ ÿ Kba I AN þ AQ!JþK $ A A=þ
A
C
S
¿RËÐÅÝ#ÈÌå!úû½ ! #"O%
{
l
O p#1(*$C" Sa %o1(;S'"8 Sa % =
O m$"ts"3# "3* .
)!"aS'"" p21K(*$C"tSa uo1(;S'"8 =
{
