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Bedini SG

The Complete Intermediate Handbook

Understanding Circuit Optimization and Capacitor Discharge

Written by

Peter Lindemann, D.Sc. and Aaron Murakami, BSNH

Bedini SG

The Complete Intermediate Handbook

Written by

Peter Lindemann, D.Sc. and Aaron Murakami, BSNH

Published by

A&P Electronic Media

Liberty Lake, Washington

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Table of Contents

Foreword........ page 6

Introduction........ page 7

Chapter One........ page 8

Fine Tuning the SG Energizer

Chapter Two........ page 15

Energy Conservation vs Energy Recycling

Chapter Three........ page 19

Tesla’s "Method of Conversion"

Chapter Four........ page 25

Capacitors and Electrets

Chapter Five........ page 28

Capacitor Charge and Discharge Methods

Chapter Six........ page 49

Battery Charging Benefits

Chapter Seven........ page 57

Measuring Input vs. Output

Chapter Eight........ page 64

Summary and Conclusions

Chapter Nine........ page 69

Modifications Checklist

Appendices........ page 71

Introduction

"There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle." Albert Einstein

The first time I asked John Bedini how the energizer worked, he looked me straight in the eye and said "it's a trick." This was not the answer I wanted. It made me really mad! For me, the idea of a "trick" meant that it was not real, or that I was being fooled in some way. Luckily, this is not what John meant. But what he did mean took me years to understand.

The machine does NOT break any Laws of Nature. It does, however, take advantage of a number of narrow "windows of opportunity" which mainstream science has not spent much time exploring. When measured directly, the over-all efficiency of the machine is always under 100%. However, when built properly, the battery being charged by the system always charges faster than the battery being drained by the system.

This apparent paradox is the "trick" that John was referring to. Electrically, the machine does not produce a "net energy gain." The machine does not produce more electricity than it uses. It does, however, produce an unusual set of conditions that the batteries translate into an accelerated charging rate. The end result is an energy gain that can be accessed from the batteries over time.

This Intermediate Handbook is the next step in the unraveling of some of John's "tricks", what they are, why they work, and how you can do it to.

Peter Lindemann, D.Sc. Aaron Murakami, BSNH

Chapter One

Fine Tuning the SG Energizer

Introduction:

It is assumed that, if you are reading this, you own a copy of the first book in the series, Bedini SG, the Complete Beginner's Handbook , and that you have a working model of an SG Energizer in your possession.

The purpose of this chapter is to guide you, step-by-step, to make a number of minor modifications to the machine so that it draws less energy from the run battery, delivers more energy to the charging battery, and at the same time, produces more mechanical energy on the wheel.

If you built your model based on the instructions in the Beginner's Handbook, it is probably running pretty well already. But guess what? It can run better! So, let's get started.

Basic Tuning:

If you have done your research, you know that the Bedini SG Energizer is based on John Bedini's US Patent #6,545,444. Here is a copy of the diagram from that patent. You can see that the circuit includes a "variable resistor" in the section that connects the trigger coil to the base of the transistor (component #15).

That said, while the method of placing a 1k Ohm potentiometer in series with the 100 Ohm resistors does give a reasonable measure of variability, it does NOT really set up the conditions for "fine tuning" the system. This is especially true of coils that have multiple strands of wire on them and multiple transistors.

Fine Tuning:

To understand why this is true, we have to look closely at the timing of the transistor switching, down at the micro-second level. "Fine tuning" is about optimizing the operations of the oscillator. If you have a dual-trace oscilloscope, you can watch the switching of any two of the transistors simultaneously. If you watch enough sets, with the time base short enough, you will start to see that they can switch one or two micro-seconds apart.

This is especially important when the transistors are turning OFF because that is when they are trying to discharge their energy into the recovery circuit. If a few transistors are turning OFF while the rest are staying ON, even for a few micro-seconds, this can blunt the inductive kickback of the system. You quickly realize that what you want is for all of the transistors to turn ON and turn OFF at exactly the same time, so the energy can flow through the machine perfectly smoothly.

The reason the transistors may not be perfectly synchronized at this point is that you are using electronic components that are mass-produced. That means that they each may have slightly different operating specifications. While they are all "very close" and "within acceptable tolerances", they are not all exactly the same. So, to get them all to behave the same in the circuit, we have to find the ones whose performance specifications match.

In order to do that, we actually have to measure the performance characteristics of the transistors BEFORE we put them in the circuit of the SG oscillator. Here is a photo and a schematic of the simple circuit that John developed to perform this test.

Essentially, it measures the current passing through the transistor, also called the "collector current" or the "gain" of the transistors.

The tester consists of a 12 volt power supply, a 500ma meter, a place to temporarily connect the transistor, a variable potentiometer to adjust the base current, a momentary switch to activate the test, and two other resistors. In this example, John has taken the front off the meter and added some marks on it so the test is easier to interpret. Regardless of these extra markings, the test results will be on a scale of 0 to 500 milliamps.

From the schematic, you can see that the circuit simply passes current through the transistor to operate the meter. You may find that when testing Bi-polar NPN transistors, you may need to put a jumper wire over the 27K resistor (dotted red line) to get enough sensitivity on the meter. What you are looking for are 7 transistors that pass the same amount of current to the collector when activated by the same amount of current to the base.

In order to do this, you may need to look through (purchase) between 30 and 40 transistors. For hobbyists on a budget, this may be prohibitively expensive. But for serious students who really want to understand how well their SG model can perform, it’s a small price to pay. Also, since it is probable that more than one set of matched transistors could come out of a group of 40 transistors tested, experimenters could make group purchases and share the results.

the test circuit, each transistor was activated by the same current coming through the potentiometer. In order to get those identical gains to appear in our SG Energizer when it is operating, we need to duplicate that condition, as well.

What that means is, to finish the "fine tuning" process, we still have to find seven base resistors that have identical values. If you absolutely want to max out your fine tuning, you will want to use the single 1K potentiometer and the seven 100 Ohm resistors, one on each transistor base connection, as described in the "basic tuning" section described on pages 8 and 9. If you just want to use fixed resistors, then you want to just use the 470 Ohm resistors that were specified originally.

Luckily, most resistors are inexpensive and come in bags of 200. This gives us plenty of candidates to test. All you'll need for this test is an Ohm Meter (usually part of any digital multi-meter) that can read Ohms down to tenths of an Ohm. When measuring each resistor, standardize the contact method using alligator clips, and write down each resistance. When you have found 7 resistors with the same resistance, you can stop testing.

After you have found 7 matched transistors and 7 matched resistors, you may install them in your model. Your Bedini SG is now "fine tuned."

What is the Most Important?

That depends on your level of interest. If saving money is most important, then just install the 1K potentiometer and any 100 Ohm resistors. This will give you a benefit at a low cost. If you want to see how far the science will go and are willing and able to afford the time and parts, this chapter fully outlines how to optimize the SG oscillator efficiency.

You may be wondering whether using matched sets or faster diodes on the output circuits are necessary? After extensive testing, John has never seen a significant benefit there, but you are always welcome to experiment.

Other Adjustments:

OK, we have tuned the SG Energizer from the electrical stand-point. The last thing to do is tune it from a mechanical stand-point.

The main issues here are maximizing balance and minimizing friction. Right now, the wheel and fan should be fairly well balanced, but you could check that and make any minor adjustments to improve it, if you wish.

The other issue is friction. Since the wheel has an open architecture, there is not a lot of air resistance. The only other friction issue would be in the bearings. If you believe the bearings are stiff because they are either too old or too new, you can take them out of the SG and soak them in kerosene to remove all of the grease. Once they are clean and dry, you can apply a small amount of a light weight oil to them. This should give you a very low friction, free-running bearing.

The last thing you can look at is the height of the magnets above the coil. On page 56 of the Beginner's Handbook, we specified a magnet to coil clearance of 1/8 th^ of an inch. After you have optimized the circuit timing for maximum wheel speed at the lowest current draw from the run battery and are satisfied with the free running of your bearings, you can see if adjusting the height of the wheel above the coil can give you any final improvements. It is the last thing to look at.

Adjusting the wheel height above the coil may have to be done in extremely small increments. For this, a series of shims or spacers is the best method to use. Even if very little benefit is to be expected, you may want to run the experiment just to see the result.

Now that your Bedini SG Energizer is "fine tuned", let's start looking at some advanced theory.

energy may be able to be recycled or reused! The general interpretation presumes that this cannot be done, but, in fact, it can.

Nikola Tesla was one of the first significant scientists to turn his back on the Laws of Thermodynamics and publicly state his disbelief in these ideas. He openly proposed "heat engines" that derived all of their energy from the ambient heat of the air while producing cold air as a by-product. His replication of Heinrich Hertz' experiments concerning the propagation of electromagnetic waves in air caused him to denounce the entire "discovery" as completely false. He even referred to the mathematical work of James Clerk-Maxwell as "poetical concepts." By 1900, Tesla had run enough experiments that he was certain that electrical phenomena did not follow the same laws as heat in almost every situation.

Tesla saw no reason to associate thermodynamics with electrodynamics at all. In fact, he thought electrodynamics was much more related to fluid dynamics. In his June 1900 article titled The Problems of Increasing Human Energy , Tesla states "Whatever electricity may be, it is a fact that it behaves like an incompressible fluid and the earth may be looked upon as an immense reservoir of electricity."

While Helmholtz was brilliant, and we owe a great debt of gratitude to him for his discoveries, his philosophical attempt to unify all forms of energy into a single set of behavioral laws in 1847 was premature, and ultimately, incorrect.

So, what is really going on? What methods allow us to use electricity, recaptured it, recycled it, and use it again? Its really quite simple. Since electricity becomes useful when a potential difference is present, the "trick" to recycling it is to get electricity to raise it's own potential!

In thermodynamics, it is difficult to get heat to raise it's own temperature, but in fluid dynamics, it is quite easy to get a low potential flow of water to pump itself to a higher level by taking advantage of its inertia. The best

known method to do this involves the use of a device called a hydraulic ram pump.

The following illustrations highlight a number of similarities between the hydraulic ram pump and the Bedini SG oscillator.

The hydraulic ram pump is a simple device that allows the inertia of a FLOW of water to pump some of that water to a higher level. Here's how it works. Water flows from the Input to the Low Output through the Main Valve. This flow builds up a momentum in the mass of the water. So, when the main Valve is suddenly shut, the water has nowhere to go but past the Check Valve, up the Rise Pipe, and out the High Output. When the pressure and momentum of the water flow is exhausted, the Check Valve closes, the Main Valve opens, and the cycle begins again.

The Bedini SG oscillator is remarkably similar. Battery B1 establishes a flow of electricity through the Main Coil MC when transistor T is conducting. This builds up an inertial momentum in the circuit that establishes itself as the magnetic field in Main Coil MC. When the transistor T suddenly stops conducting, the magnetic field established by the current flow wants to keep that current flowing. This represents an inertial property of electricity, like stored momentum. Since the current continues to flow, but cannot flow in the loop with battery B1, it is forced out through diode D2 and will raise it's potential as high as it needs to to fully exhaust the momentum.

Chapter Three

Tesla’s "Method of Conversion"

On May 1, 1888, Nikola Tesla was granted seven US Patents. These patents covered his single phase and multi-phase electric motors, generators, transformers, and the methods to transmit electric power over long distances with minimal losses. Five other US Patents were issued to him that year that helped round out the new way to use poly-phase, alternating current (AC) electricity at an industrial scale.

In 1896, these inventions and methods became the basis for the first large- scale hydro-electric power station to be built at Niagara Falls with the power used to light up Buffalo, New York, and eventually, New York City, over 400 miles away. Most inventors would be proud of such an accomplishment, but for Tesla, there was a problem. Between 1888 and 1896, he had developed a better way to use and transmit electric power!

He first publicly described these new methods of energy production and energy transmission in a lecture titled On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena , delivered twice, first in February 1893 in Philadelphia, and second, in March in St. Louis. In this lecture, he openly declared that he had discovered a whole new way to use electricity and a way to "convert" ordinary electricity into this new type.

These discoveries proved to Tesla that static electricity was more powerful than electro-magnetic force; that interrupted direct currents were more important than alternating currents; that electric current could be propagated down a single wire with no return; and that loads could be operated at the end of a transmission line that reflected little or no energy consumption effects back to the generator.

This was definitely a better way to use electricity! The process to produce these effects from ordinary electricity he simply called his….

"Method of Conversion."

This diagram, taken from Tesla's lecture, shows the six most effective ways to produce the effects he discovered. He clearly shows that the effects can be produced whether he started with AC (3 examples on the left) or DC ( examples on the right). [Mind you, these are circuits for the methods that worked the best in 1893. Modern circuits open up new possibilities.]

He also developed solid-state methods to produce these effects. The best example of this type of circuit is found in US Patent #568,178 issued in September of 1896. The circuit charges an inductor with interrupted DC currents, then discharges the inductor to charge a capacitor, which in turn discharges into a low impedance circuit to produce the effects he wanted.