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Trabalho sobre o uso de pisos piezoelétricos em aeroportos (em inglês)
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Christopher Scholer, Undergraduate Jeffrey Ikeler, Undergraduate Joshua Ramirez, Undergraduate Sarah Jen, Undergraduate Glynn Falcon, Faculty Advisor San Jose State University
source of power can then be used to operate LED lighting systems, since LEDs use far less energy than more conventional (fluorescent and incandescent) bulbs. “LEDs are about four times more efficient than conventional incandescent lights and more environmentally friendly than compact fluorescent bulbs” (Purdue University, 2008). This will help to decrease energy consumption and environmental impact even further.
Using the floor space in airport terminals allows for a large source of otherwise wasted energy to be captured and utilized as an alternative form of energy for the lighting systems within airports. In order for the energy from walking motion to be captured, piezoelectric devices must be installed underneath the floor in terminal buildings. Piezoelectric devices are implements that use materials exhibiting piezoelectric effects. "Piezo," in Greek, means "pressure," which explains that when you apply pressure to piezoelectric materials, you get a charge separation within a crystal and a voltage across the crystal that is sometimes extremely high (How Stuff Works, 2000). Quartz, Rochelle salt, and certain ceramics all exhibit piezoelectric behaviors. Placing piezoelectric devices that are used to capture energy from foot traffic underneath airport terminals can effectively capture electrical energy and send it back to the power grid through inverters, which are needed in order to convert the DC power, from the piezoelectric, into AC power used by terminal lighting systems (Inverters for solar panel installations work just as well for piezoelectric devices). An example is a BBQ lighter, the popping noise you hear when depressing the lighter button is a little spring-loaded hammer hitting a crystal and generating thousands of volts across the faces of the
crystal. A voltage this high is identical to the voltage that drives a spark plug in a gasoline engine. The crystal's voltage can generate a nice spark that lights the gas in the grill (How Stuff Works, 2000) Similar to the BBQ lighter, shoes striking a piezoelectric pad underneath a floor tile act like a hammer hitting the crystal material inside the pad. This energy from the shoe then creates a voltage that can be used to power lighting systems. Hundreds or even thousands of these piezoelectric devices would be installed underneath flooring to capture the kinetic energy from walking.
EXAMPLES OF CURRENT USES Electricity generated through piezoelectric devices has many applications; the BBQ lighter mentioned above is one of many uses. One use, comparable to an airport application, is the implementation of piezoelectric generators at a nightclub. “The dance floor makes use of a piezoelectric system that produces electricity as the dancers jump up and down, which charges some batteries that are used to power parts of the club” (engadget, 2008).
Figure 1 – How a piezoelectric flooring system generateselectricity through kinetic energy. Courtesy engadget.com.
This particular application would resemble airport applications the closest. Train stations are much like airport terminals in that high volumes of traffic come and go in waves depending upon when Flights/Trains are arriving or departing. The Japanese rail station intends to use the power for station facilities such as automatic ticket gates or electric displays (Japan for Sustainability, 2008). Implementation in airports could also use the power for displays and lighting in terminals.
I NSTALLATION The installation of the piezo devices requires that flooring be removed. This process can be done as old, worn flooring is replaced or in certain high traffic areas as an experiment for determining feasibility in airport terminals, a similar option to the implementation in the Tokyo train stations. The piezo devices, due to their small thin shape, could be placed underneath floor tiles or carpet with few complications. In order to harness the power a capacitor could be used to store the electricity like in the train stations or inverters, like ones used to convert solar electricity from direct current to alternating current, could be installed in the terminals to convert the DC power from the piezo devices into AC power used in the lighting systems at airports. The power could then be routed directly to specific electrical devices such as lights or billboards or it could be sent to the main power grid at an airport in order to supplement the main power supply. There are many installation options and applications of these devices; the specific type of installation will depend upon the intended use of the piezo devices within the terminals.
LOCATION WITHIN T ERMINAL BUILDINGS
Locating piezo electric flooring in airports is dependent upon how much traffic, on average, certain parts of a terminal receive in a given day; the higher the averages the higher the potential for energy production. Based on this it is important to locate high traffic areas to gain the most benefit out of the power generating floor. One such high traffic area is the check-in station, these areas often have large lines of passengers waiting to check in baggage and obtain boarding passes. Piezo devices could also be installed under the baggage weighing scales in the check-in areas to harness the energy from placing luggage on these platforms. Another high traffic area is the security line; the piezo devices could be located under the floors along these lines to capture the foot traffic in these lines. Concession areas and advertising signs would also benefit from having the power-generating floor. Billboards could be light up by people passing by and lighting in the concession areas could be partially powered by the flooring. Experimentation with different areas and by observing locations of high foot traffic in airport terminals are important in determining the optimal locations for capturing kinetic energy from walking.
Figure 3 - Baggage check-in area where piezoelectric flooring could be implemented. Courtesy Flight Data Management.
Australia has followed suit and banned them as well. Specifically, they cite that the standard incandescent light bulb converts only about five percent of the electricity it uses into usable light, with the rest being converted into heat. LEDs are approximately four times more efficient than incandescent light bulbs and currently as efficient as fluorescent lighting without the environmentally harmful mercury content that they contain according to Purdue University. LEDs also carry the benefit of providing high visibility in signs, some of which can be seen from up to 1.5 kilometers away, claims Wallstreet Pit. The New York Times states that a new LED sign in New York City will be bright enough to be readable even during high noon. Philips claims that their current state-of-the-art Luxeon K2 LEDs have outputs of at least 200 lumens at 12 volts DC with a current as little as 350 mA. Further, they dim far less than traditional lighting sources, with some experiencing only a 10% loss of light output after as many as 1,000 hours, and last for as long as 15 years under normal usage conditions. Several cities are considering switching from high pressure sodium lighting to LED lighting, including a pilot program of 34,000 street lamps slated for testing in Lansing, Michigan. APPLICATIONS Club Watt in Rotterdam, The Netherlands utilizes a spring-loaded flooring system of independently moving tiles. Inhabitat claims that each tile can compress up to 2cm, activating a flywheel mechanism which powers a small electrical generator. It also claims that LEDs embedded in the floor are sustained entirely by the approximately 20 watt generated by each dancer. The owner is said to have paid $257,000 for the 270 square foot floor. While he does not expect to recoup his investment through energy generation, he expects to recover 10% of the club’s electrical requirements through the flooring system.
Engadget covered a similar club in the United Kingdom. Named Club4Climate, it utilizes piezoelectric materials in the flooring to generate higher amounts of electricity. Harvesting power from the dancers, the energy is stored in batteries, which are emptied into the grid to help directly offset the costs of electricity usage. Mail Online cited the owner, Mr. Charalambous, claiming that vigorous dancing could generate as much as 60% of the energy needs for the club.
The original design idea for our team was an ice detection system for runways and taxiways at airports; we wanted to incorporate infrared cameras into current detection equipment. Through our research we discovered that the use of infrared technology for ice detection was not a very practical idea. Ice forms on runway surfaces that are at or below water freezing levels, using an infrared camera to pick up ice patches would not work for this type of scenario. The infrared picture would show the ice and surface it is forming on as the same making these infrared images non-useful for spotting ice. After realizing that our first design would not be practical, we brainstormed for ideas and eventually came up with the plan of harnessing energy from walking to supplement the main power for airport terminals. We discovered that the idea of using energy from walking or dancing was already under trials at various places such as the train station in Japan and several nightclubs in Europe. As a group we felt that this technology could be utilized at airports much like it is used at the train station in Japan. High levels of foot traffic inside terminals would allow for the potential of high energy acquisition from a renewable, clean resource. This adopted idea will provide for a safe, clean and renewable supplemental source of power for airports; it will help promote the FAA’s move towards safer, cleaner technologies for airports across the country.
San Jose International sees 10 million passengers a year. This past June, SJC had 915, passengers for the entire month. On average, that equates to 30,500 passengers each day.
to the team’s research, installing piezoelectric flooring and replacing overhead fluorescent terminal lighting with LED’s would greatly reduce the electricity required to light the terminal buildings. Our team would like to graciously thank Mr. Crowley for taking time out of his busy schedule to allow the interview. Crowley was quite interested in the design for the sustainable floor tiles and looks forward to hearing the FAA’s response to the proposal.
Faculty Advisor: Glynn Falcon, Director of Aviation One Washington Sq. San Jose, CA 95192 [email protected] (650) 323- Team Leader: Christopher Scholer 23760 Alamitos Road San Jose, CA 95120 [email protected] (408) 717- (408) 268-1461 FAX Team Members: Jeff Ikeler 1919 Fruitdale Ave. Apt. K San Jose, CA 95128 [email protected] (530) 295- Josh Ramirez 433 S. Navarra Dr. Scotts Valley, CA 95066 [email protected] (831) 588- Sarah Jen 116 Brighton Ave. San Francisco, CA 94112 [email protected] (415) 505-
FAA Design Competition for Universities Design Submission Form (Appendix D) Note: This form should be included as Appendix D in the submitted PDF of the designpackage. The original with signatures must be sent along with the required print copy of the design.
List other partnering universities if appropriate^ University^ San Jose State University N/A
Design Developed by: Individual Student Student Team If Individual Student Name Permanent Mailing Address Permanent Phone Number Email If Student Team: Student Team Lead Christopher Scholer Permanent Mailing Address 23760 Alamitos Road, San Jose, CA 95120
Permanent Phone Number Competition Design Challenge Addressed: (408) 717-3319 Email [email protected]
(Airport Environmental Interactions) Piezoelectric Harvesting I certify that I served as the Faculty Advisor for the work presented in this Design submissionand that the work was done by the student participant(s).
Signed Date Name University/College Glynn Falcon San Jose State University Department(s) Aviation & Technology (AvTech) Street Address One Washington Sq City San Jose State CA Zip Code 95192 Telephone (408) 924-3203 Fax (408) 924-
1. Did the FAA Design Competition provide a meaningful learning experience for you? Why or why not? All team members agreed that the Design Competition presented the opportunity for a “meaningful learning experience.” Each member found the required format of the proposal to be conducive, though there was often discussion among team members regarding minor details of its layout. 2. What challenges did you and/or your team encounter in undertaking the Competition? How did you overcome them? The largest challenge that the team overcame during the Design Competition was researching the first few proposals that were created. The first iteration of the team’s proposal was cancelled because of a surprising lack of available research that was published in accessible formats. Without a sufficient amount of data readily available to support the proposal, the team decided that it would be a more efficient use of time to change the proposal a bit. The second iteration of the proposal appeared very promising on the surface, due to its simple practicality and vast amount of research available. However, the topic was dropped when an industry expert revealed that he was already working directly with the FAA with regards to the exact same idea. 3. Describe the process you or your team used for developing your hypothesis. The hypothesis of applying sustainable floor tiling in the terminals was developed through the combining of two team members idea. The first was to utilize environmentally friendly materials in the terminal building, and the second was to find a way to create electricity for the terminal without the use of solar energy. While researching electricity generation and
Sarah learned many things from this project, and felt that it definitely helped to prepare her for the future work force and further study. She especially enjoyed the aspects of brainstorming ideas for the proposal, but also enjoyed researching the topic at hand. She found that problem solving was required for the project and said that she learned how to better work with team members. Since teamwork is very important in Aviation when it comes to safety, she was glad to have successfully collaborated to reach the goal. Josh discovered that coming up with an original design idea is a challenging and time consuming process. He felt that the project did help him prepare for the workforce in that it gave him a valuable team building experience. Crit stated that it was extremely difficult to find a topic for the design competition that had not been previously submitted. When ideas were voiced by students, on the third day of class, over 5 students had almost the same proposals. Crit was excited that his team found a topic that was on the cutting edge of new technological development and had not been proposed to the FAA previously. According to Crit, the researching and team involvement in the project taught him the importance of accurate
