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Asme VIII d2, Notas de estudo de Engenharia de Produção

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)Engenharia de Produção

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A N I N T E R N A T I O N A L C O D E

2007 ASME Boiler &

Pressure Vessel Code

2007 Edition July 1, 2007

VIII

Division 2

Alternative Rules

RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF PRESSURE VESSELS

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee

Subcommittee on Pressure Vessels

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2007 ASME

BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

SECTIONS

I Rules for Construction of Power Boilers II Materials Part A — Ferrous Material Specifications Part B — Nonferrous Material Specifications Part C — Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals Part D — Properties (Customary) Part D — Properties (Metric) III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components Subsection NCA — General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2 Division 1 Subsection NB — Class 1 Components Subsection NC — Class 2 Components Subsection ND — Class 3 Components Subsection NE — Class MC Components Subsection NF — Supports Subsection NG — Core Support Structures Subsection NH — Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service Appendices Division 2 — Code for Concrete Containments Division 3 — Containments for Transportation and Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive Material and Waste IV Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers V Nondestructive Examination VI Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers VII Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 1 Division 2 — Alternative Rules Division 3 — Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications X Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels XI Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components XII Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks

iii

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ADDENDA

Colored-sheet Addenda, which include additions and revisions to individual Sections of the Code, are published annually and will be sent automatically to purchasers of the applicable Sections up to the publication of the 2010 Code. The 2007 Code is available only in the loose-leaf format; accordingly, the Addenda will be issued in the loose-leaf, replacement-page format.

INTERPRETATIONS

ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretation of technical aspects of the Code. The Inter- pretations for each individual Section will be published separately and will be included as part of the update service to that Section. Interpretations of Section III, Divisions 1 and 2, will be included with the update service to Subsec- tion NCA.

Interpretations of the Code are distributed annually in July with the issuance of the edition and subse- quent addenda. Interpretations posted in January at www.cstools.asme.org/interpretations are included in the July distribution.

CODE CASES

The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee meets regu- larly to consider proposed additions and revisions to the Code and to formulate Cases to clarify the intent of existing requirements or provide, when the need is urgent, rules for materials or constructions not covered by existing Code rules. Those Cases that have been adopted will appear in the appropriate 2007 Code Cases book: “Boilers and Pressure Vessels” and “Nuclear Components.” Supple- ments will be sent automatically to the purchasers of the Code Cases books up to the publication of the 2010 Code.

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vi

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Annex 4.A Currently Not Used

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2.3.3 Manufacturer’s Design Report.................................................................................................... 2-
2.3.4 Manufacturer’s Data Report 2-
2.3.5 Manufacturer’s Construction Records 2-
2.3.6 Quality Control System 2-
2.3.7 Certification of Subcontracted Services...................................................................................... 2-
2.3.8 Inspection and Examination........................................................................................................ 2-
2.3.9 Application of Code Stamp......................................................................................................... 2-
2.4 The Inspector...................................................................................................................................... 2-
2.4.1 Identification of Inspector........................................................................................................... 2-
2.4.2 Inspector Qualification 2-
2.4.3 Inspector’s Duties 2-
2.A.1 General ..............................................................................................................................................2- Annex 2.A Guide For Certifying A User’s Design Specification
2.A.2 Certification of the User’s Design specification................................................................................2-
2.A.3 Tables ................................................................................................................................................2-
2.B.1 General ..............................................................................................................................................2- Annex 2.B Guide For Certifying A Manufacturer’s Design Report
2.B.2 Certification of Manufacture’s Design Report ..................................................................................2-
2.B.3 Tables ................................................................................................................................................2-
2.C.1 Manufacturer’s Data Reports.............................................................................................................2- Annex 2.C Report Forms And Maintenance Of Records
2.C.2 Partial Data Reports...........................................................................................................................2-
2.C.3 Maintenance of Records ....................................................................................................................2-
2.D.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................2- Annex 2.D Guide For Preparing Manufacturer’s Data Reports
2.D.2 Tables ................................................................................................................................................2-
2.E.1 General ..............................................................................................................................................2- Annex 2.E Quality Control System
2.E.2 Outline of Features Included in the Quality Control System.............................................................2-
2.E.3 Authority and Responsibility.............................................................................................................2-
2.E.4 Organization ......................................................................................................................................2-
2.E.5 Drawings, Design Calculations, and Specification Control...............................................................2-
2.E.6 Material Control ................................................................................................................................2-
2.E.7 Examination and Inspection Program................................................................................................2-
2.E.8 Correction of Nonconformities..........................................................................................................2-
2.E.9 Welding .............................................................................................................................................2-
2.E.10 Nondestructive Examination .............................................................................................................2-
2.E.11 Heat Treatment ..................................................................................................................................2-
2.E.12 Calibration of Measurement and Test Equipment .............................................................................2-
2.E.13 Records Retention .............................................................................................................................2-
2.E.14 Sample Forms....................................................................................................................................2-
2.E.15 Inspection of Vessels and Vessel Parts..............................................................................................2-
2.E.16 Inspection of Pressure Relief Valves.................................................................................................2-
2.F.1 Required Marking for Vessels...........................................................................................................2- ANNEX 2.F Contents And Method Of Stamping
2.F.2 Methods of Marking Vessels with Two or More Independent Chambers .........................................2- vii
2.F.3 Application of Stamp.........................................................................................................................2-
2.F.4 Part Marking......................................................................................................................................2-
2.F.5 Application of Markings....................................................................................................................2-
2.F.6 Duplicate Nameplate .........................................................................................................................2-
2.F.7 Size and Arrangements of Characters for Nameplate and Direct Stamping of Vessels ....................2-
2.F.8 Attachment of Nameplate or Tag ......................................................................................................2-
2.F.9 Figures...............................................................................................................................................2-
2.G.1 Code Stamps Bearing Official Symbol..............................................................................................2- Annex 2.G Obtaining And Using Code Stamps
2.G.2 Application for Authorization ...........................................................................................................2-
2.G.3 Issuance of Authorization..................................................................................................................2-
2.G.4 Inspection Agreement........................................................................................................................2-
2.G.5 Quality Control System .....................................................................................................................2-
2.G.6 Evaluation for Authorization and Reauthorization............................................................................2-
2.G.7 Code Construction Before Receipt of Certificate of Authorization...................................................2-
2.H.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................2- Annex 2.H Guide To Information Appearing On The Certificate Of Authorization
2.H.2 Tables ................................................................................................................................................2-
2.H.3 Figure ................................................................................................................................................2-
3.1 General Requirements 3- PART 3 - MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS
3.2 Materials Permitted For Construction of Vessel Parts........................................................................ 3-
3.2.1 Materials for Pressure Parts 3-
3.2.2 Materials for Attachments to Pressure Parts 3-
3.2.3 Welding Materials 3-
3.2.4 Dissimilar Materials.................................................................................................................... 3-
3.2.5 Product Specifications 3-
3.2.6 Certification 3-
3.2.7 Product Identification and Traceability 3-
3.2.8 Prefabricated or Preformed Pressure Parts.................................................................................. 3-
3.2.9 Definition of Product Form Thickness 3-
3.2.10 Product Form Tolerances............................................................................................................ 3-
3.2.11 Purchase Requirements............................................................................................................... 3-
3.3 Supplemental Requirements for Ferrous Materials 3-
3.3.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 3-
3.3.2 Chemistry Requirements............................................................................................................. 3-
3.3.3 Ultrasonic Examination of Plates................................................................................................ 3-
3.3.4 Ultrasonic Examination of Forgings........................................................................................... 3-
3.3.5 Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Examination of Forgings ............................................3-
3.3.6 Integral and Weld Metal Overlay Clad Base Metal ...................................................................3-
3.4 Supplemental Requirements for Cr–Mo Steels .................................................................................3-
3.4.1 General.......................................................................................................................................3-
3.4.2 Postweld Heat Treatment...........................................................................................................3-
3.4.3 Test Specimen Heat Treatment..................................................................................................3-
3.4.4 Weld Procedure Qualifications and Weld Consumables Testing ..............................................3-
3.4.5 Toughness Requirements...........................................................................................................3-
3.5 Supplemental Requirements for Q&T Steels with Enhanced Tensile Properties ..............................3-
3.5.1 General.......................................................................................................................................3-
3.5.2 Parts for Which Q&T Steels May be Used ................................................................................3-
3.5.3 Structural Attachments ..............................................................................................................3-
3.6 Supplemental Requirements for Nonferrous Materials .....................................................................3- viii
3.6.1 General.......................................................................................................................................3-
3.6.2 Ultrasonic Examination of Plates...............................................................................................3-
3.6.3 Ultrasonic Examination of Forgings..........................................................................................3-
3.6.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination of Forgings................................................................................3-
3.6.5 Clad Plate and Products .............................................................................................................3-
3.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolting ...........................................................................................3-
3.7.1 General.......................................................................................................................................3-
3.7.2 Examination of Bolts, Studs, and Nuts ......................................................................................3-
3.7.3 Threading and Machining of Studs............................................................................................3-
3.7.4 Use of Washers ..........................................................................................................................3-
3.7.5 Ferrous Bolting ..........................................................................................................................3-
3.7.6 Nonferrous Bolting ....................................................................................................................3-
3.7.7 Materials for Ferrous and Nonferrous Nuts of Special Design..................................................3-
3.8 Supplemental Requirements for Castings..........................................................................................3-
3.8.1 General.......................................................................................................................................3-
3.8.2 Requirements for Ferrous Castings............................................................................................3-
3.8.3 Requirements for Nonferrous Castings......................................................................................3-
3.9 Supplemental Requirements for Hubs Machined From Plate............................................................3-
3.9.1 General.......................................................................................................................................3-
3.9.2 Material Requirements...............................................................................................................3-
3.9.3 Examination Requirements........................................................................................................3-
3.9.4 Data Reports and Marking.........................................................................................................3-
3.10 Material Test Requirements ..............................................................................................................3-
3.10.1 General.......................................................................................................................................3-
3.10.2 Requirements for Sample Test Coupons....................................................................................3-
3.10.3 Exemptions from Requirement of Sample Test Coupons..........................................................3-
3.10.4 Procedure for Obtaining Test Specimens and Coupons.............................................................3-
3.10.5 Procedure for Heat Treating Test Specimens from Ferrous Materials.......................................3-
3.10.6 Test Coupon Heat Treatment for Nonferrous Materials ............................................................3-
3.11 Material Toughness Requirements ....................................................................................................3-
3.11.1 General.......................................................................................................................................3-
3.11.2 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Except Bolting ...........................................................................3-
3.11.3 Q&T Ferritic Steels....................................................................................................................3-
3.11.4 High Alloy Steels Except Bolting..............................................................................................3-
3.11.5 Non-Ferrous Alloys ...................................................................................................................3-
3.11.6 Bolting Materials .......................................................................................................................3-
3.11.7 Toughness Testing Procedures ..................................................................................................3-
3.11.8 Impact Testing Of Welding Procedures and Test Plates of Ferrous Materials ..........................3-
3.12 Allowable Design Stresses ................................................................................................................3-
3.13 Strength Parameters...........................................................................................................................3-
3.14 Physical Properties ............................................................................................................................3-
3.15 Design Fatigue Curves ......................................................................................................................3-
3.16 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................................................3-
3.17 Definitions.........................................................................................................................................3-
3.18 Tables ................................................................................................................................................3-
3.19 Figures...............................................................................................................................................3-
3.A.1 Allowable Stress Basis – All Materials Except Bolting ....................................................................3- Annex 3.A Allowable Design Stresses
3.A.2 Allowable Stress Basis – Bolting Materials ......................................................................................3-
3.A.3 Tables ................................................................................................................................................3-
3.D.1 Yield Strength....................................................................................................................................3- ix
3.D.2 Ultimate Tensile Strength..................................................................................................................3-
3.D.3 Stress Strain Curve ............................................................................................................................3-
3.D.4 Cyclic Stress Strain Curve.................................................................................................................3-
3.D.5 Tangent Modulus...............................................................................................................................3-
3.D.5.1 Tangent Modulus Based on the Stress-Strain Curve Model..............................................................3-
3.D.5.2 Tangent Modulus Based on External Pressure Charts.....................................................................3-
3.D.6 Nomenclature ..................................................................................................................................3-
3.D.7 Tables ..............................................................................................................................................3-
3.E.1 Young’s Modulus ............................................................................................................................3- Annex 3.E Physical Properties
3.E.2 Thermal Expansion Coefficient.......................................................................................................3-
3.E.3 Thermal Conductivity......................................................................................................................3-
3.E.4 Thermal Diffusivity .........................................................................................................................3-
3.F.1 Smooth Bar Design Fatigue Curves ................................................................................................3- Annex 3.E Design Fatigue Curves
3.F.2 Welded Joint Design Fatigue Curves ..............................................................................................3-
3.F.3 Nomenclature ..................................................................................................................................3-
3.F.4 Tables ..............................................................................................................................................3-
4.1 General Requirements 4- PART 4 - DESIGN BY RULE REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Scope 4-
4.1.2 Minimum Thickness Requirements 4-
4.1.3 Material Thickness Requirements............................................................................................... 4-
4.1.4 Corrosion Allowance in Design Equations................................................................................. 4-
4.1.5 Design Basis 4-
4.1.6 Design Allowable Stress............................................................................................................. 4-
4.1.7 Materials in Combination ..........................................................................................................4-
4.1.8 Combination Units.....................................................................................................................4-
4.1.9 Cladding and Weld Overlay ......................................................................................................4-
4.1.10 Internal Linings..........................................................................................................................4-
4.1.11 Flanges and Pipe Fittings...........................................................................................................4-
4.1.12 Nomenclature.............................................................................................................................4-
4.1.13 Tables.........................................................................................................................................4-
4.2 Design Rules for Welded Joints ........................................................................................................4-
4.2.1 Scope .........................................................................................................................................4-
4.2.2 Weld Category ...........................................................................................................................4-
4.2.3 Weld Joint Type.........................................................................................................................4-
4.2.4 Weld Joint Factor.......................................................................................................................4-
4.2.5 Types of Joints Permitted ..........................................................................................................4-
4.2.6 Nomenclature.............................................................................................................................4-
4.2.7 Tables.........................................................................................................................................4-
4.2.8 Figures .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.3 Design Rules for Shells Under Pressure............................................................................................4-
4.3.1 Scope .........................................................................................................................................4-
4.3.2 Shell Tolerances.........................................................................................................................4-
4.3.3 Cylindrical Shells.......................................................................................................................4-
4.3.4 Conical Shells ............................................................................................................................4-
4.3.5 Spherical Shells and Hemispherical Heads................................................................................4-
4.3.6 Torispherical Heads ...................................................................................................................4-
4.3.7 Ellipsoidal Heads .......................................................................................................................4-
4.3.8 Local Thin Areas .......................................................................................................................4-
4.3.9 Drilled Holes Not Penetrating Through the Vessel Wall...........................................................4-
4.3.10 Combined Loadings and Allowable Stresses.............................................................................4-
4.3.11 Cylindrical-To-Conical Shell Transition Junctions Without a Knuckle ....................................4- x
4.3.12 Cylindrical-To-Conical Shell Transition Junctions with a Knuckle ..........................................4-
4.3.13 Nomenclature.............................................................................................................................4-
4.3.14 Tables.........................................................................................................................................4-
4.3.15 Figures .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.4 Design Rules for Shells Under External Pressure and Allowable Compressive Stresses..................4-
4.4.1 Scope 4-
4.4.2 Design Factors ...........................................................................................................................4-
4.4.3 Material Properties.....................................................................................................................4-
4.4.4 Shell Tolerances.........................................................................................................................4-
4.4.5 Cylindrical Shell ........................................................................................................................4-
4.4.6 Conical Shell..............................................................................................................................4-
4.4.7 Spherical Shell and Hemispherical Head...................................................................................4-
4.4.8 Torispherical Head.....................................................................................................................4-
4.4.9 Ellipsoidal Head.........................................................................................................................4-
4.4.10 Local Thin Areas .......................................................................................................................4-
4.4.11 Drilled Holes Not Penetrating Through the Vessel Wall...........................................................4-
4.4.12 Combined Loadings and Allowable Compressive Stresses .......................................................4-
4.4.13 Cylindrical-To-Conical Shell Transition Junctions Without A Knuckle .................................4-
4.4.14 Cylindrical-To-Conical Shell Transition Junctions With A Knuckle ......................................4-
4.4.15 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.4.16 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.4.17 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.5 Design Rules for Shells Openings in Shells and Heads...................................................................4-
4.5.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.5.2 Dimensions and Shape of Nozzles...........................................................................................4-
4.5.3 Method of Nozzle Attachment.................................................................................................4-
4.5.4 Nozzle Neck Minimum Thickness Requirements ...................................................................4-
4.5.5 Radial Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell........................................................................................4-
4.5.6 Hillside Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell .....................................................................................4-
4.5.7 Nozzle in a Cylindrical Shell Oriented at an Angle from the Longitudinal Axis ....................4-
4.5.8 Radial Nozzle in a Conical Shell .............................................................................................4-
4.5.9 Nozzle in a Conical Shell.........................................................................................................4-
4.5.10 Radial Nozzle in a Spherical Shell or Formed Head................................................................4-
4.5.11 Hillside or Perpendicular Nozzle in a Formed Head ...............................................................4-
4.5.12 Circular Nozzles in a Flat Head ...............................................................................................4-
4.5.13 Spacing Requirements for Nozzles..........................................................................................4-
4.5.14 Strength of Nozzle Attachment Welds ....................................................................................4-
4.5.15 Local Stresses in Nozzles in Shells and Formed Heads from External Loads.........................4-
4.5.16 Inspection Openings ................................................................................................................4-
4.5.17 Reinforcement of Openings Subject to Compressive Stress....................................................4-
4.5.18 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.5.19 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.5.20 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.6 Design Rules for Flat Heads............................................................................................................4-
4.6.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.6.2 Flat Unstayed Circular Heads ..................................................................................................4-
4.6.3 Flat Unstayed Non-Circular Heads..........................................................................................4-
4.6.4 Integral Flat Head With A Centrally Located Opening ...........................................................4-
4.6.5 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.6.6 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.6.7 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.7 Design Rules for Spherically Dished Bolted Covers.......................................................................4-
4.7.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.7.2 Type A Head Thickness Requirements....................................................................................4-
4.7.3 Type B Head Thickness Requirements....................................................................................4-
4.7.4 Type C Head Thickness Requirements....................................................................................4-
4.7.5 Type D Head Thickness Requirements....................................................................................4-
4.7.6 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4- xi
4.7.7 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.7.8 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.8 Design Rules for Quick Actuating (Quick Opening) Closures........................................................4-
4.8.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.8.2 Definitions ...............................................................................................................................4-
4.8.3 General Design Requirements .................................................................................................4-
4.8.4 Specific Design Requirements.................................................................................................4-
4.8.5 Alternative Designs for Manually Operated Closures .............................................................4-
4.8.6 Supplementary Requirements for Quick-Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures......................4-
4.9 Design Rules for Braced and Stayed Surfaces.................................................................................4-
4.9.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.9.2 Required Thickness of Braced and Stayed Surfaces................................................................4-
4.9.3 Required Dimensions and Layout of Staybolts and Stays .......................................................4-
4.9.4 Requirements for Welded-in Staybolts and Welded Stays ......................................................4-
4.9.5 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.9.6 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.9.7 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.10 Design Rules for Ligaments ............................................................................................................4-
4.10.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.10.2 Ligament Efficiency ................................................................................................................4-
4.10.3 Ligament Efficiency and the Weld Joint Factor ......................................................................4-
4.10.4 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.10.5 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.11 Design Rules for Jacketed Vessels ..................................................................................................4-
4.11.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.11.2 Design of Jacketed Shells and Jacketed Heads........................................................................4-
4.11.3 Design of Closure Member of Jacket to Vessel.......................................................................4-
4.11.4 Design of Penetrations Through Jackets..................................................................................4-
4.11.5 Design of Partial Jackets..........................................................................................................4-
4.11.6 Design of Half–Pipe Jackets ....................................................................................................4-
4.11.7 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.11.8 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.11.9 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.12 Design Rules for NonCircular Vessels ............................................................................................4-
4.12.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.12.2 General Design Requirements .................................................................................................4-
4.12.3 Requirements for Vessels With Reinforcement.......................................................................4-
4.12.4 Requirements for Vessels With Stays......................................................................................4-
4.12.5 Requirements for Rectangular Vessels With Small Aspect Ratios..........................................4-
4.12.6 Weld Joint Factors and Ligament Efficiency...........................................................................4-
4.12.7 Design Procedure.....................................................................................................................4-
4.12.8 Noncircular Vessels Subject to External Pressure ...................................................................4-
4.12.9 Rectangular Vessels With Two or More Compartments of Unequal Size...............................4-
4.12.10 Fabrication ...............................................................................................................................4-
4.12.11 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.12.12 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.12.13 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.13 Design Rules for Layered Vessels...................................................................................................4-
4.13.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.13.2 Definitions ...............................................................................................................................4-
4.13.3 General.....................................................................................................................................4-
4.13.4 Design for Internal Pressure ....................................................................................................4-
4.13.5 Design for External Pressure ...................................................................................................4-
4.13.6 Design of Welded Joints ..........................................................................................................4-
4.13.7 Nozzles and Nozzle Reinforcement.........................................................................................4-
4.13.8 Flat Heads ................................................................................................................................4-
4.13.9 Bolted and Studded Connections.............................................................................................4-
4.13.10 Attachments and Supports .......................................................................................................4- xii
4.13.11 Vent Holes ...............................................................................................................................4-
4.13.12 Shell Tolerances.......................................................................................................................4-
4.13.13 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.13.14 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.14 Evaluation of Vessels Outside of Tolerance....................................................................................4-
4.14.1 Shell Tolerances.......................................................................................................................4-
4.14.2 Local Thin Areas .....................................................................................................................4-
4.14.3 Marking and Reports ...............................................................................................................4-
4.14.4 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.15 Design Rules for Supports and Attachments ...................................................................................4-
4.15.1 Scope ...............................................................................................................................................4-
4.15.2 Design of Supports ..................................................................................................................4-
4.15.3 Saddle Supports for Horizontal Vessels ..................................................................................4-
4.15.4 Skirt Supports for Vertical Vessels..........................................................................................4-
4.15.5 Lug And Leg Supports.............................................................................................................4-
4.15.6 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.15.7 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.15.8 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.16 Design Rules for Flanged Joints......................................................................................................4-
4.16.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.16.2 Design Considerations .............................................................................................................4-
4.16.3 Flange Types............................................................................................................................4-
4.16.4 Flange Materials ......................................................................................................................4-
4.16.5 Gasket Materials ......................................................................................................................4-
4.16.6 Design Bolt Loads ...................................................................................................................4-
4.16.7 Flange Design Procedure .........................................................................................................4-
4.16.8 Split Loose Type Flanges ........................................................................................................4-
4.16.9 Noncircular Shaped Flanges with a Circular Bore...................................................................4-
4.16.10 Flanges with Nut Stops ............................................................................................................4-
4.16.11 Joint Assembly Procedures......................................................................................................4-
4.16.12 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.16.13 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.16.14 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.17 Design Rules for Clamped Connections..........................................................................................4-
4.17.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.17.2 Design Considerations .............................................................................................................4-
4.17.3 Flange Materials ......................................................................................................................4-
4.17.4 Design Bolt Loads ...................................................................................................................4-
4.17.5 Flange and Clamp Design Procedure.......................................................................................4-
4.17.6 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.17.7 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.17.8 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.18 Design Rules for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers.........................................................................4-
4.18.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.18.2 Terminology ............................................................................................................................4-
4.18.3 General Design Considerations ...............................................................................................4-
4.18.4 General Conditions of Applicability for Tubesheets ...............................................................4-
4.18.5 Tubesheet Flanged Extension ..................................................................................................4-
4.18.6 Tubesheet Characteristics ........................................................................................................4-
4.18.7 Rules for the Design of U-Tube Tubesheets............................................................................4-
4.18.8 Rules for the Design of Fixed Tubesheets ...............................................................................4-
4.18.9 Rules for the Design of Floating Tubesheets ...........................................................................4-
4.18.10 Tube-to-Tubesheet Welds........................................................................................................4-
4.18.11 Thin-Walled Expansion Joints.................................................................................................4-
4.18.12 Thick-Walled Expansion Joints ...............................................................................................4-
4.18.13 Pressure Test Requirements.....................................................................................................4-
4.18.14 Heat Exchanger Marking and Reports .....................................................................................4-
4.18.15 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4- xiii
4.18.16 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.18.17 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.19 Design Rules for Thin-Wall Expansion Joints ................................................................................4-
4.19.1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.19.2 Conditions of Applicability .....................................................................................................4-
4.19.3 Design Considerations .............................................................................................................4-
4.19.4 Materials ..................................................................................................................................4-
4.19.5 Design of U-Shaped Unreinforced Bellows.............................................................................4-
4.19.6 Design of U-Shaped Reinforced Bellows ................................................................................4-
4.19.7 Design of Toroidal Bellows.....................................................................................................4-
4.19.8 Bellows Subject to Axial, Lateral or Angular Displacements .................................................4-
4.19.9 Fabrication ...............................................................................................................................4-
4.19.10 Examination.............................................................................................................................4-
4.19.11 Pressure Test Requirements.....................................................................................................4-
4.19.12 Marking and Reports ...............................................................................................................4-
4.19.13 Specification Sheet for Expansion Joints.................................................................................4-
4.19.14 Nomenclature...........................................................................................................................4-
4.19.15 Tables.......................................................................................................................................4-
4.19.16 Figures .....................................................................................................................................4-
4.19.17 Specification Sheets.................................................................................................................4-
4.B.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................4- Annex 4.B Guide For The Design And Operation Of Quick-Actuating (Quick-Opening) Closures
4.B.2 Responsibilities ...............................................................................................................................4-
4.B.3 Design..............................................................................................................................................4-
4.B.4 Installation .......................................................................................................................................4-
4.B.5 Inspection ........................................................................................................................................4-
4.B.6 Training ...........................................................................................................................................4-
4.B.7 Administrative Controls ..................................................................................................................4-
4.C.1 General ............................................................................................................................................4- Annex 4.C Basis For Establishing Allowable Loads For Tube-To-Tubesheet Joints
4.C.2 Maximum Axial Loads....................................................................................................................4-
4.C.3 Shear Load Test...............................................................................................................................4-
4.C.4 Acceptance Standards for Joint Efficiency Factor Determined By Test..........................................4-
4.C.5 Acceptance Standards for Proposed Operating Temperatures Determined By Test .......................4-
4.C.6 Nomenclature ..................................................................................................................................4-
4.C.7 Tables ..............................................................................................................................................4-
4.C.8 Figures.............................................................................................................................................4-
5.1 General Requirements 5- PART 5 - DESIGN BY ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS
5.1.1 Scope 5-
5.1.2 Numerical Analysis 5-
5.1.3 Loading Conditions 5-
5.2 Protection Against Plastic Collapse.................................................................................................... 5-
5.2.1 Overview 5-
5.2.2 Elastic Stress Analysis Method................................................................................................... 5-
5.2.3 Limit-Load Analysis Method...................................................................................................... 5-
5.2.4 Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis Method....................................................................................... 5-
5.3 Protection Against Local Failure.......................................................................................................5-
5.3.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................5-
5.3.2 Elastic Analysis .........................................................................................................................5-
5.3.3 Elastic-Plastic Analysis..............................................................................................................5-
5.4 Protection Against Collapse From Buckling .....................................................................................5- xiv
5.4.1 Design Factors ...........................................................................................................................5-
5.4.2 Numerical Analysis ...................................................................................................................5-
5.5 Protection Against Failure From Cyclic Loading..............................................................................5-
5.5.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................5-
5.5.2 Screening Criteria for Fatigue Analysis.....................................................................................5-
5.5.3 Fatigue Assessment – Elastic Stress Analysis and Equivalent Stresses.....................................5-
5.5.4 Fatigue Assessment – Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis and Equivalent Strains...........................5-
5.5.5 Fatigue Assessment of Welds – Elastic Analysis and Structural Stress.....................................5-
5.5.6 Ratcheting Assessment – Elastic Stress Analysis ......................................................................5-
5.5.7 Ratcheting Assessment – Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis ..........................................................5-
5.6 Supplemental Requirements for Stress Classification in Nozzle Necks............................................5-
5.7 Supplemental Requirements for Bolts ...............................................................................................5-
5.7.1 Design Requirements.................................................................................................................5-
5.7.2 Service Stress Requirements......................................................................................................5-
5.7.3 Fatigue Assessment Of Bolts.....................................................................................................5-
5.8 Supplemental Requirements for Perforated Plates ............................................................................5-
5.9 Supplemental Requirements for Layered Vessels .............................................................................5-
5.10 Experimental Stress Analysis ............................................................................................................5-
5.11 Fracture Mechanic Evaluations .........................................................................................................5-
5.12 Definitions.........................................................................................................................................5-
5.13 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................................................5-
5.14 Tables ................................................................................................................................................5-
5.15 Figures...............................................................................................................................................5-
5.A.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................5- Annex 5.A Linearization Of Stress Results For Stress Classification
5.A.2 General ..............................................................................................................................................5-
5.A.3 Selection of Stress Classification Lines.............................................................................................5-
5.A.4 Stress Integration Method..................................................................................................................5-
5.A.4.1 Continuum Elements .........................................................................................................................5-
5.A.4.2 Shell Elements...................................................................................................................................5-
5.A.5 Structural Stress Method Based on Nodal Forces .............................................................................5-
5.A.5.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................5-
5.A.5.2 Continuum Elements .........................................................................................................................5-
5.A.5.3 Shell Elements...................................................................................................................................5-
5.A.6 Structural Stress Method Based on Stress Integration.......................................................................5-
5.A.7 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................................................5-
5.A.8 Tables ................................................................................................................................................5-
5.A.9 Figures...............................................................................................................................................5-
5.B.1 General ..............................................................................................................................................5- Annex 5.B Histogram Development And Cycle Counting For Fatigue Analysis
5.B.2 Definitions.........................................................................................................................................5-
5.B.3 Histogram Development....................................................................................................................5-
5.B.4 Cycle Counting Using the Rainflow Method ....................................................................................5-
5.B.5 Cycle Counting Using Max-Min Cycle Counting Method................................................................5-
5.B.6 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................................................5-
5.C.1 General ..............................................................................................................................................5- Analysis
5.C.2 Effective Alternating Stress for Elastic Fatigue Analysis..................................................................5-
5.C.3 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................................................5-
5.D.1 General ..............................................................................................................................................5- Annex 5.D Stress Indices
5.D.2 Stress Indices for Radial Nozzles ......................................................................................................5-
5.D.3 Stress Indices for Laterals 5- xv
5.D.4 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................................................5-
5.D.5 Tables ................................................................................................................................................5-
5.D.6 Figues ................................................................................................................................................5-
5.E.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................5- Annex 5.E Design Methods For Perforated Plates Based On Elastic Stress Analysis
5.E.2 Stress Analysis of the Equivalent Solid Plate....................................................................................5-
5.E.3 Stiffness Effects of the Tubes............................................................................................................5-
5.E.4 Effective Material Properties for the Equivalent Solid Plate.............................................................5-
5.E.5 Pressure Effects in Tubesheet Perforations .......................................................................................5-
5.E.6 Protection Against Plastic Collapse...................................................................................................5-
5.E.7 Protection Against Cyclic Loading....................................................................................................5-
5.E.8 Nomenclature ..................................................................................................................................5-
5.E.9 Tables ..............................................................................................................................................5-
5.E.10 Figures.............................................................................................................................................5-
5.F.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................................5- Annex 5.F Experimental Stress Analysis
5.F.2 Strain Measurement Test Procedure for Stress Components...........................................................5-
5.F.3 Protection Against Cyclic Loading..................................................................................................5-
5.F.4 Nomenclature ..................................................................................................................................5-
5.F.5 Figures.............................................................................................................................................5-
6.1 General Fabrication Requirements 6- PART 6 - FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS
6.1.1 Materials 6-
6.1.2 Forming 6-
6.1.3 Base Metal Preparation............................................................................................................... 6-
6.1.4 Fitting and Alignment................................................................................................................. 6-
6.1.5 Cleaning of Surfaces to Be Welded 6-
6.1.6 Alignment Tolerances for Edges to Be Butt Welded.................................................................. 6-
6.2 Welding Fabrication Requirements 6-
6.2.1 Welding Processes 6-
6.2.2 Welding Qualifications and Records 6-
6.2.3 Precautions to Be Taken Before Welding..................................................................................6-
6.2.4 Specific Requirements for Welded Joints..................................................................................6-
6.2.5 Miscellaneous Welding Requirements ......................................................................................6-
6.2.6 Summary of Joints Permitted and Their Examination ...............................................................6-
6.2.7 Repair of Weld Defects..............................................................................................................6-
6.2.8 Special Requirements for Welding Test Plates for Titanium Materials.....................................6-
6.3 Special Requirements for Tube-To-Tubesheet Welds.......................................................................6-
6.3.1 Material Requirements...............................................................................................................6-
6.3.2 Holes in Tubesheets...................................................................................................................6-
6.3.3 Weld Design and Joint Preparation............................................................................................6-
6.3.4 Qualification of Welding Procedure ..........................................................................................6-
6.4 Preheating and Heat Treatment of Weldments ..................................................................................6-
6.4.1 Requirements for Preheating of Welds ......................................................................................6-
6.4.2 Requirements for Postweld Heat Treatment ..............................................................................6-
6.4.3 Procedures for Postweld Heat Treatment...................................................................................6-
6.4.4 Operation of Postweld Heat Treatment......................................................................................6-
6.4.5 Postweld Heat Treatment after Repairs .....................................................................................6-
6.4.6 Postweld Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Materials ...................................................................6-
6.5 Special Requirements For Clad or Weld Overlay Linings, and Lined Parts .....................................6-
6.5.1 Materials ....................................................................................................................................6-
6.5.2 Joints In Corrosion Resistant Clad or Weld Metal Overlay Linings..........................................6-
6.5.3 Welding Procedures...................................................................................................................6-
6.5.4 Methods to Be Used In Attaching Applied Linings...................................................................6- xvi
6.5.5 Postweld Heat Treatment of Clad and Lined Weldments ..........................................................6-
Overlay Cladding.......................................................................................................................6- 6.5.6 Requirements for Base Material With Corrosion Resistant Integral or Weld Metal
6.5.7 Examination Requirements........................................................................................................6-
6.5.8 Inspection and Tests ..................................................................................................................6-
6.5.9 Stamping and Reports................................................................................................................6-
6.6 Special Requirements for Tensile Property Enhanced Q and T Ferritic Steels .................................6-
6.6.1 General.......................................................................................................................................6-
6.6.2 Marking on Plates and Other Materials .....................................................................................6-
6.6.3 Requirements for Heat Treating After Forming ........................................................................6-
6.6.4 Minimum Thickness after Forming ...........................................................................................6-
6.6.5 Welding Requirements ..............................................................................................................6-
6.6.6 Postweld Heat Treatment...........................................................................................................6-
6.6.7 Heat Treatment Certification Tests............................................................................................6-
6.6.8 Examination Requirements........................................................................................................6-
6.6.9 Inspection and Tests ..................................................................................................................6-
6.6.10 Stamping and Reports................................................................................................................6-
6.7 Special Requirements for Forged Fabrication ...................................................................................6-
6.7.1 General.......................................................................................................................................6-
6.7.2 Ultrasonic Examination .............................................................................................................6-
6.7.3 Toughness Requirements...........................................................................................................6-
6.7.4 Tolerances on Cylindrical Forgings...........................................................................................6-
6.7.5 Methods of Forming Forged Heads ...........................................................................................6-
6.7.6 Heat Treatment Requirements for Forged Fabrication ..............................................................6-
6.7.7 Welding For Fabrication............................................................................................................6-
6.7.8 Repair of Defects in Material.....................................................................................................6-
6.7.9 Threaded Connections to Vessel Walls, Forged Necks, and Heads...........................................6-
6.7.10 Inspection, Examination, and Testing........................................................................................6-
6.7.11 Stamping and Reports for Forged Vessels.................................................................................6-
6.7.12 Pressure Relief Devices .............................................................................................................6-
6.8 Special Fabrication Requirements for Layered Vessels ....................................................................6-
6.8.1 General.......................................................................................................................................6-
6.8.2 General Fabrication Requirements ............................................................................................6-
6.8.3 Welding Fabrication Requirements ...........................................................................................6-
6.8.4 Welding Qualification and Records...........................................................................................6-
6.8.5 Specific Requirements for Welded Joints..................................................................................6-
6.8.6 Nondestructive Examination of Welded Joints..........................................................................6-
6.8.7 Welded Joint Efficiency.............................................................................................................6-
6.8.8 Contact between Layers.............................................................................................................6-
6.8.9 Vent Holes .................................................................................................................................6-
6.8.10 Heat Treatment of Weldments...................................................................................................6-
6.9 Nomenclature ....................................................................................................................................6-
6.10 Tables ................................................................................................................................................6-
6.11 Figures...............................................................................................................................................6-
7.1 General 7- PART 7 - INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS
7.2 Responsibilities and Duties 7-
7.2.1 Responsibilities and Duties of the Manufacturer and Inspector 7-
7.2.2 Access for Inspector 7-
7.2.3 Notification of Work Progress 7-
7.3 Verification and Examination Prior To Welding................................................................................ 7-
7.3.1 Compliance of Material with Requirements and Marking.......................................................... 7-
7.3.2 Dimensional Check of Component Parts 7-
7.3.3 Verification of Heat Treatment Practice 7-
7.3.4 Verification of Welding Procedure Specification 7-
7.3.5 Verification of Welder and Welding Operator Performance Qualification 7- xvii
7.4 Examination of Welded Joints............................................................................................................ 7-
7.4.1 Nondestructive Examination Requirements................................................................................ 7-
7.4.2 Examination Groups for Pressure Vessels 7-
7.4.3 Extent of Nondestructive Examination 7-
7.4.4 Selection of Examination Method for Internal (Volumetric) Flaws 7-
7.4.5 Selection of Examination Method for Surface Flaws 7-
7.4.6 Surface Condition and Preparation 7-
7.4.7 Supplemental Examination for Cyclic Service 7-
7.4.8 Examination and Inspection of Vessels with Protective Linings and Cladding.......................... 7-
7.4.9 Examination and Inspection of Tensile Property Enhanced Q and T Vessels 7-
7.4.10 Examination and Inspection of Integrally Forged Vessels.......................................................... 7-
7.4.11 Examination and Inspection of Fabricated Layered Vessels 7-
7.5 Examination Method and Acceptance Criteria..................................................................................7-
7.5.1 General.......................................................................................................................................7-
7.5.2 Visual Examination ...................................................................................................................7-
7.5.3 Radiographic Examination ........................................................................................................7-
7.5.4 Ultrasonic Examination .............................................................................................................7-
7.5.5 Ultrasonic Examination Used in Lieu of Radiographic Examination........................................7-
7.5.6 Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) ........................................................................................7-
7.5.7 Liquid Penetrant Examination (PT) ...........................................................................................7-
7.5.8 Eddy Current Surface Examination Procedure Requirements (ET)...........................................7-
7.5.9 Evaluation and Retest for Partial Examination ..........................................................................7-
7.6 Final Examination of Vessel..............................................................................................................7-
7.6.1 Surface Examination after Hydrotest.........................................................................................7-
7.6.2 Inspection of Lined Vessel Interior after Hydrotest...................................................................7-
7.7 Leak Testing ......................................................................................................................................7-
7.8 Acoustic Emission.............................................................................................................................7-
7.9 Tables ................................................................................................................................................7-
7.10 Figures...............................................................................................................................................7-
7.A.1 General ..............................................................................................................................................7- Annex 7.A Responsibilities And Duties For Inspection And Examination Activities
7.A.2 Manufacturer’s Responsibility ..........................................................................................................7-
7.A.2.1 The Manufacturer ..............................................................................................................................7-
7.A.2.2 Inspection and Examination Duties ...................................................................................................7-
7.A.3 Inspector’s Responsibility .................................................................................................................7-
7.A.3.1 The Inspector.....................................................................................................................................7-
7.A.3.2 Inspection and Examination Duties ...................................................................................................7-
7.A.4 Tables ................................................................................................................................................7-
8.1 General Requirements 8- PART 8 - PRESSURE TESTING REQUIREMENTS
8.1.1 Selection of Pressure Test Methods............................................................................................ 8-
8.1.2 Precautions.................................................................................................................................. 8-
8.1.3 Requirements for Vessels of Specific Construction.................................................................... 8-
8.1.4 Pressure Gages............................................................................................................................ 8-
8.2 Hydrostatic Testing 8-
8.2.1 Test Pressure............................................................................................................................... 8-
8.2.2 Preparation for Testing 8-
8.2.3 Test Fluid.................................................................................................................................... 8-
8.2.4 Test Procedures........................................................................................................................... 8-
8.2.5 Test Examination and Acceptance Criteria................................................................................. 8-
8.3 Pneumatic Testing 8-
8.3.1 Test Pressure............................................................................................................................... 8-
8.3.2 Preparation for Testing 8-
8.3.3 Test Fluid.................................................................................................................................... 8-
8.3.4 Test Procedures........................................................................................................................... 8- xviii
8.3.5 Test Examination and Acceptance Criteria................................................................................. 8-
8.4 Alternative Pressure Testing............................................................................................................... 8-
8.4.1 Hydrostatic–Pneumatic Tests 8-
8.4.2 Leak Tightness Testing............................................................................................................... 8-
8.5 Documentation 8-
8.6 Nomenclature 8-
9.1 General Requirements 9- PART 9 - PRESSURE VESSEL OVERPRESSURE PROTECTION
9.1.1 Protection Against Overpressure 9-
9.1.2 Types of Overpressure Protection............................................................................................... 9-
9.1.3 Required Relieving Capacity and Allowable Overpressure........................................................ 9-
9.1.4 Pressure Setting of Pressure Relief Devices 9-
9.2 Pressure Relief Valves........................................................................................................................ 9-
9.3 Non-Reclosing Pressure Relief Devices............................................................................................. 9-
9.3.1 Rupture Disk Devices 9-
9.3.2 Breaking Pin Devices 9-
9.3.3 Spring Loaded Non-Reclosing Pressure Relief Devices............................................................. 9-
9.4 Calculation Of Rated Capacity For Different Relieving Pressures And/Or Fluids............................. 9-
9.4.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 9-
9.4.2 Prorating of Certified Capacity for Different Pressures.............................................................. 9-
9.4.3 Conversion of Certified Capacity for Different In-Service Fluids.............................................. 9-
9.5 Marking and Stamping 9-
9.6 Provisions for Installation of Pressure Relieving Devices.................................................................. 9-
9.6.1 General........................................................................................................................................ 9-
9.6.2 Inlet Piping for Pressure Relief Devices 9-
9.6.3 Discharge Lines from Pressure Relief Devices........................................................................... 9-
9.6.4 Pressure Drop, Non-Reclosing Pressure Relief Devices............................................................. 9-
9.7 Overpressure Protection by Design 9-
9.7.1 Requirements 9-
9.7.2 Documentation............................................................................................................................ 9-
9.7.3 Manufacturer’s Data Report 9-
9.A.1 Introduction 9- Annex 9.A Best Practices For The Installation And Operation Of Pressure Relief Devices
9.A.2 Provisions for the Installation of Stop Valves in the Relief Path........................................................ 9-
9.A.3 Inlet Piping Pressure Drop for Pressure Relief Valves....................................................................... 9-
9.A.4 Discharge Lines from Pressure Relief Devices 9-
9.A.5 Cautions Regarding Pressure Relief Device Discharge into a Common Header...............................9-
9.A.6 Pressure Differentials (Operating Margin) for Pressure Relief Valves .............................................9-
9.A.7 Pressure Relief Valve Orientation .....................................................................................................9-
9.A.8 Reaction Forces and Externally Applied Piping Loads .....................................................................9-
9.A.9 Sizing of Pressure Relief Devices for Fire Conditions ......................................................................9-
9.A.10 Use of Pressure Indicating Devices to Monitor Pressure Differential ...............................................9-

FOREWORD

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers set up a committee in 1911 for the purpose of formulating standard rules for the construction of steam boilers and other pres- sure vessels. This committee is now called the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee. The Committee’s function is to establish rules of safety, relating only to pressure integrity, governing the construc- tion 1 of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks and nuclear components, and inservice inspection for pressure integrity of nuclear components and transport tanks, and to interpret these rules when questions arise regarding their intent. This code does not address other safety issues relat- ing to the construction of boilers, pressure vessels, transport tanks and nuclear components, and the inservice inspection of nuclear components and transport tanks. The user of the Code should refer to other pertinent codes, standards, laws, regulations, or other relevant documents. With few exceptions, the rules do not, of practical necessity, reflect the likelihood and consequences of deterioration in service related to specific service fluids or external operating envi- ronments. Recognizing this, the Committee has approved a wide variety of construction rules in this Section to allow the user or his designee to select those which will provide a pressure vessel having a margin for deterioration in ser- vice so as to give a reasonably long, safe period of use- fulness. Accordingly, it is not intended that this Section be used as a design handbook; rather, engineering judgment must be employed in the selection of those sets of Code rules suitable to any specific service or need. This Code contains mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and nonmandatory guidance for construction activities. The Code does not address all aspects of these activities and those aspects which are not specifically addressed should not be considered prohibited. The Code is not a handbook and cannot replace education, experi- ence, and the use of engineering judgment. The phrase engineering judgment refers to technical judgments made by knowledgeable designers experienced in the application of the Code. Engineering judgments must be consistent with Code philosophy and such judgments must never be used to overrule mandatory requirements or specific prohibitions of the Code.

(^1) Construction , as used in this Foreword, is an all-inclusive term com- prising materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, certification, and pressure relief.

xix

The Committee recognizes that tools and techniques used for design and analysis change as technology prog- resses and expects engineers to use good judgment in the application of these tools. The designer is responsible for complying with Code rules and demonstrating compliance with Code equations when such equations are mandatory. The Code neither requires nor prohibits the use of comput- ers for the design or analysis of components constructed to the requirements of the Code. However, designers and engineers using computer programs for design or analysis are cautioned that they are responsible for all technical assumptions inherent in the programs they use and they are responsible for the application of these programs to their design. The Code does not fully address tolerances. When dimensions, sizes, or other parameters are not specified with tolerances, the values of these parameters are consid- ered nominal and allowable tolerances or local variances may be considered acceptable when based on engineering judgment and standard practices as determined by the designer. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee deals with the care and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels in service only to the extent of providing suggested rules of good practice as an aid to owners and their inspectors. The rules established by the Committee are not to be interpreted as approving, recommending, or endorsing any proprietary or specific design or as limiting in any way the manufacturer’s freedom to choose any method of design or any form of construction that conforms to the Code rules. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee meets regu- larly to consider revisions of the rules, new rules as dictated by technological development, Code Cases, and requests for interpretations. Only the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee has the authority to provide official interpreta- tions of this Code. Requests for revisions, new rules, Code Cases, or interpretations shall be addressed to the Secretary in writing and shall give full particulars in order to receive consideration and action (see Mandatory Appendix cov- ering preparation of technical inquiries). Proposed revi- sions to the Code resulting from inquiries will be presented to the Main Committee for appropriate action. The action of the Main Committee becomes effective only after con- firmation by letter ballot of the Committee and approval by ASME.

Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=Setal Engenharia Construcoes e Perfuracoes S.A. /5941776001, User=Gome

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