








Estude fácil! Tem muito documento disponível na Docsity
Ganhe pontos ajudando outros esrudantes ou compre um plano Premium
Prepare-se para as provas
Estude fácil! Tem muito documento disponível na Docsity
Prepare-se para as provas com trabalhos de outros alunos como você, aqui na Docsity
Encontra documentos específicos para os exames da tua universidade
Prepare-se com as videoaulas e exercícios resolvidos criados a partir da grade da sua Universidade
Responda perguntas de provas passadas e avalie sua preparação.
Ganhe pontos para baixar
Ganhe pontos ajudando outros esrudantes ou compre um plano Premium
PROVA DE MESTRADO
Tipologia: Provas
1 / 14
Esta página não é visível na pré-visualização
Não perca as partes importantes!









2. (2 pt.) – Atualmente, muitos trabalhos com enfoque interdisciplinar têm sido recorrentes nas revistas de divulgação científica, motivados, inclusive, pela complexidade dos problemas atuais. A seguir, apresentam-se dois desses trabalhos.
(a) De acordo com Coimbra ( apud PHILIPPI Jr., 2000), no artigo Considerações sobre a Interdisciplinaridade , qual a relação entre o paradigma cartesiano-newtoniano e a interdisciplinaridade? Como a Era industrial afetou este paradigma?
(b) Ainda de acordo com Coimbra ( op. cit., 2000), cite e descreva quatro variações da disciplinaridade.
3. (2 pt.) – A diversidade dos Ecossistemas Amazônicos pode ser observada nos mais diversos níveis de organização, desde o biológico, o molecular, passando pelo indivíduo, e contemplando o ecossistêmico e da paisagem. Sobre os ecossistemas responda.
(a) De acordo com os critérios de especificidade (suporte ecológico e padrão de biodiversidade) os ecossistemas amazônicos podem ser agrupados em três categorias (AB’SABER, 2002). Cite e exemplifique cada uma delas.
(b) Cite os dois principais instrumentos que vêm sendo reconhecidos pelos órgãos ambientais para a aplicação de políticas de conservação aos ecossistemas brasileiros (TRAJANO, 2010).
5. (2 pt.) – Mudança climática refere-se a qualquer mudança do clima que ocorra ao longo do tempo em decorrência da variabilidade natural ou da atividade humana.
Quanto ao assunto abordado, responda as seguintes questões:
(a) De acordo com Nobre (2008), adaptação refere-se ao ajustamento de sistemas naturais ou humanos, em resposta às mudanças climáticas reais ou esperadas, ou seus efeitos, o qual regula ou explora oportunidades benéficas. Quanto a isso, cite e conceitue três tipos de adaptação.
(b) De acordo com Fearnside (2006), como a morte da floresta amazônica contribuiria numa retroalimentação significativa para intensificar o efeito estufa?
The Amazon forest is threatened by ongoing climate changes, which are expected to make this region gradually hotter and drier. These effects are more intense in global climate simulations by models that connect peaks in the temperature of surface water in the Pacific Ocean with the El Niño phenomenon. Past events such as the fires in Roraima of 1997/1998 and 2003 suggest that the connection between the Pacific Ocean-surface temperature and El Niño is real. The estimated impact of climate changes on the Amazon are even worse in models that include biospheric feedback effects, pointing to the disappearance of forested areas and subsequent heating of the exposed soil, which leads to greater carbon emissions that further affect climate and kill more forest. A previously unappreciated climatic threat became apparent in 2005, when a devastating drought struck Amazonia. This type of drought is linked to a gradient of water temperature from the North to the South Atlantic Oceans, which is part of an oscillation that is becoming more intense. The formation of the patch of warm water in the tropical North Atlantic is worsening due to the reduction of aerosol loads over this area of the ocean, a situation that is expected to intensify in the forthcoming decades as a result of continued global warming. Whether such a scenario will come to take place depends on our efforts towards limiting the emission of greenhouse gases from fossil- fuel combustion and deforestation. Brazil is among the countries with the most to lose from global warming, possibly risking the loss of the Amazon rainforest. Therefore, Brazil ought to change political sides in negotiations under the Climate Convention. Instead of trying to postpone any commitment to reductions in its emissions, Brazil should immediately agree to a reduction target under the Convention (not only as an internal objective), thus joining the Convention’s Annex I and Kyoto Protocol’s Annex B, and then endeavor to convince other countries, such as China and India, to do likewise.
(FEARNSIDE, P. M. The vulnerability of the amazon forest in the face of climate change. O ecologia Brasiliensis , 13 (4), p. 609-618, Dez. 2009 )
Com base no texto acima, responda as perguntas a seguir, em Português.
1. (1 pt.) – Modelos de simulação climática, que incluem a ligação entre o aquecimento da água no oceano Pacífico e a ocorrência do El Niño , demonstraram que a floresta amazônica enfrenta sérias ameaças à sua sobrevivência. Contudo, os impactos mais acentuados são observados em modelos que incluem outras três análises. Cite-as.
How Hard Would It Be for Avian Flu to Spread?
Recent reports that two teams of scientists had genetically altered a deadly flu virus to make it more contagious have provoked fear, even outrage, in some quarters.
Biosecurity advisers to the American government, which paid for the research, have urged that full details not be published for fear that terrorists could make use of them. The World Health Organization warned Friday that while such studies were important, they could have deadly consequences.
Some scientists argue that the research should not even have been done, since the modified virus could slip out of a lab and set off a lethal epidemic. Others contend that such experiments are essential to learning what naturally occurring changes in flu viruses are the most dangerous. The results could help inform efforts to predict epidemics, they say, and to develop antiviral drugs and vaccines.
There is one point on which the factions agree: The ability of a virus to spread easily from person to person is the key to determining whether it can cause a pandemic. There is much scientists do not know about what makes a virus transmissible — and much they must learn before they are able to prevent another flu pandemic. Contagion depends on a complex interplay between a virus and its victim, including where it enters the body, the types of cells in which it can reproduce and whether it can then escape to reach another human.
The virus that scientists made more contagious was the A(H5N1) avian flu. In its natural form, it is known to have infected only about 600 people since its discovery in 1997, but it killed more than half of them. Humans almost never transmit it to one another. But if that ever were to change, bird flu could become one of history’s worst pandemics.
The work to make the virus more transmissible was done by two separate groups, one at Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, and the other at the University of Wisconsin. The experiments were performed on ferrets, because flu behaves in them almost exactly as it does in humans.
In Rotterdam, a team led by Dr. Ron Fouchier made a strain of bird flu that could drift through the air into nearby cages and infect other ferrets. Although that result has set off worldwide concern, some researchers say the modified virus might not behave the same way in people, because ferrets are not a perfect model for human transmission.
The new virus does not seem as contagious as either the 1918 Spanish flu or the 2009 swine flu, Dr. Fouchier said. To become airborne, the virus required a range of genetic modifications — “a combination of everything,” he said.
In humans, bird flu viruses live best in the lower lungs, he said, which makes it harder for them to escape in sneezes and coughs. If one could replicate in the upper airways, it would be more likely to be released as an aerosol and might be more transmissible.
If the virus were shed, or expelled, as individual particles instead of in clumps, said Dr. Fouchier, it would be more easily spewed out in the tiny droplets of a cough.
“It also may help if the virus induces coughing or sneezing,” Dr. Fouchier added.
(DONALD G. McNEIL Jr. and DENISE GRADY. How Hard Would It Be for Avian Flu to Spread? _The New York Times. Health. 2 Jan.
Com base no texto acima, responda as perguntas a seguir, em Português.
4. (2 pt.) – Do que trata o estudo? Qual o principal ente envolvido? Quais grupos realizaram o presente trabalho? Em que os experimentos foram realizados? Por que? 5. (2 pt.) – Quais as recomendações dos conselheiros de biosegurança sobre o presente estudo? No caso de humanos, o que agravaria o problema? 6. (2 pt.) – Quais as posições dos cientistas sobre a pesquisa? Explique o experimento realizado pela equipe liderada pelo Dr. Ron Fouchier e a posição de alguns pesquisadores sobre o resultado deste experimento.